Table 1.
Classification of cardiorenal syndrome.
| Classification | Timing | Descriptions | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|
| Type 1 (acute cardiorenal) | Acute | Heart failure causing AKI | Acute decompensated heart failure resulting in AKI, acute ischemic heart disease, valvulopathy or arrhythmia causing cardiogenic shock and AKI |
| Type 2 (chronic cardiorenal) | Chronic | Chronic heart disease causing CKD | Chronic heart failure causing CKD |
| Type 3 (acute renocardiac) | Acute | AKI leading to acute cardiac dysfunction | AKI due to glomerulonephritis or urinary tract obstruction causing acute heart failure, acute coronary syndrome or arrhythmia |
| Type 4 (chronic renocardiac) | Chronic | CKD leading to chronic cardiac abnormalities | CKD-associated cardiomyopathy |
| Type 5 (secondary) | Acute or Chronic | Systemic diseases causing acute or chronic dysfunction of heat and kidneys | AKI and acute heart failure induced by sepsis or critical conditions, CKD and cardiac abnormalities in diabetes mellitus, cirrhosis, amyloidosis, vasculitis, etc. |
AKI, acute kidney injury; CKD, chronic kidney disease.