Table 2.

Current difficulties in diagnosis and management of cardiorenal syndrome.

Main Challenges in All Types of CRS
Early diagnosis and prognosis Preventing or reversing the adverse impacts of CRS Difficulties in distinguishing CRS from other cardiovascular and renal comorbidities
Specific Difficulties in Acute and Chronic CRS
Acute CRS	Chronic CRS
Current diagnostic criteria hinders early detection of AKI Difficult to differentiate between true kidney injury and pseudo-worsening of kidney function Lack of sensitive tools to assess treatment effects and to track the progression from AKI to CKD	Lack of overt symptoms of cardiovascular diseases in CKD Lack of sensitive tools to identify and monitor the progression of cardiovascular involvement when conventional assessments remain normal Standard treatment is less effective in reducing cardiovascular mortality in CKD patients than in the general population.