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Chemicals and experimental design used in this study. (A–C) Chemical structure of benzoic acid (BA), ρ-hydroxybenzoic acid (HBA), and protocatechuic acid (PCA), respectively. Molecular weight/molar mass (g·mol−1) is mentioned between parentheses under the chemical formula of each compound. (D) Experimental design, application times, and sampling points used in this study. Growth development stages are corresponding to the phenological growth stages on BBCH-scale [32,33].
