Table 3.

Plant activators and microbes that induce host resistance against plant viruses

Plant activator and microbea	Virusb	Host	Resistance	Hormonesc	Reference
ASM	PIAMV, PVX, TuMV, CCYV	Nicotiana benthamiana,Cucumis melo	Systemic	SA	[131, 132]
BABA	TMV	N. tabacum	HR	SA	[133]
Probenazol	TMV	N. tabacum	HR	SA	[134]
	TMV	N. benthamiana	Systemic	BR	[135]
Brassinosteroid	RSV	Oyaza sativa	Systemic	JA/BR	[136]
	CMV	Cucurbita pepo	Systemic	BR	[137]
Chitosan	TBSV	Phaseolus vulgaris	HR	SA	[138]
Quassinoids	TMV	N. tabacum, N. glutinosa	Systemic, HR	Not reported	[139]
Quinolizidine alkaloids	TMV	N. tabacum	Systemic	Not reported	[140]
Harpin popW	TMV	N. tabacum	HR	SA	[141]
Soluble silicon	TRSV, TMV	N. tabacum	Systemic	SA	[142]
Esterified whey protein fractions (EWPF)	TMV	N. tabacum	HR	SA	[143]
Eudesmanolides	TMV	N. tabacum, N. glutinosa	Systemic, HR	SA	[144]
Spermine and longer polyamines	CMV	Arabidopsis thaliana	Systemic	SA	[145]
PABA	TMV	Capsicum annuum	Systemic	SA	[146]
Eugenol	TYLCV	Solanum lycopersicum	Systemic	SA	[147]
Ningnanmicin	TMV	N. tabacum	Systemic	SA	[148]
SHAM	CMV	A. thaliana	Systemic	SA	[149]
Ascorobic acid	TuMV	Brassica rapa	Systemic	JA	[150]
2,3-butanediol	CMV, TMV	C. annuum	Systemic	SA/JA/ET	[151]
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain MBI600	TSWV, PVY	S. lycopersicum	Systemic	SA	[152]
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain 5B6	BBWV, CMV, PepMoV	C. annuum	Systemic	SA / JA	[153]
Penicillium simplicissimum	CMV	A. thaliana, N. tabacum, N. benthamiana	Systemic	SA/ JA/ET	[154]
Trichoderma harzianum strain T-22 (T22)	CMV	S. lycopersicum	Systemic	SA/JA/ET	[155]
Pseudozyma churashimaensis (Yeast)	CMV, PeMMoV, PeMoV, BBWV	C. annuum	Systemic	SA/JA/ET	[156]

^aASM, acibenzolar-S-methyl; BABA, β- aminobutyric acid; SHAM, salicylhydroxamic acid; PABA, para-aminobenzoic acid

^bAbbreviations are explained in Table 1

^cBR, brassinosteroid; SA, salisylic acid; JA, jasmonic acid; ET, ethylene