Extended Data Fig. 12 ∣. Evaluation of COVID-19-enriched subpopulations in other parenchymal glia.

a, UMAP of astrocytes captured in the human frontal cortex, split by control individuals (including influenza, n = 8) and patients with COVID-19 (n = 8). Cells are coloured by cell-type subcluster. Genes upregulated in the COVID-19-enriched astrocyte cluster are labelled in green. b, Quantification of astrocyte cluster 1 as a proportion of total astrocytes (n = 8 control, including influenza; n = 8 COVID-19, two-sided Mann–Whitney t-test P = 0.0041; mean ± s.e.m.). Example genes upregulated in the COVID-19-associated astrocyte cluster are shown. c, Enriched biological pathways (Metascape⁵⁴) amongst upregulated gene markers of COVID-19 astrocytes. Enrichment is based on FDR-corrected cumulative hypergeometric P values (Bonferroni correction FDR < 0.05; MAST with default thresholds). d, UMAP projection of OPCs and trending but not significant emergence of a COVID-19-enriched subcluster. e, Quantification of the frequency of the COVID-19-enriched OPC subcluster as a proportion of all OPCs (n = 8 control, including 1 influenza and n = 8 COVID-19, two-sided Mann–Whitney t-test, P = 0.083; mean ± s.e.m., not significant). f, g, As in d, e, respectively, but for mature oligodendrocytes with P = 0.9591.