Table 2.
Energy drink consumption and associated adverse effects.
| Author | Research Design | Study Group | Adverse Effects |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ali et al. 2015 [59] | Systemic review | N = 43 reports | The most common associated with cardiovascular (arrhythmias) and neurological (seizures) systems |
| Nadeem et al. 2021 [60] | Systemic review and meta-analysis | N = 96,549 participants | Pediatric population: insomnia (35.4%), stress (35.4%), depressive mood (23.1%) Adult population: restlessness/jitteriness/shaking hands (29.8%), insomnia (24.7%), gastrointestinal upset (21.6%) |
| Özde et al. 2020 [61] | Prospective, observational, open-label study | N = 54 young adults | Prolonged atrial electromechanical conduction times: atrial electromechanical coupling-lateral, atrial electromechanical coupling-septal, intra-atrial electromechanical delay |
| Ullah et al. 2018 [62] | Case report | Healthy 25-year-old man | Myocardial infarction |
| Masengo et al. 2020 [66] | Cross-sectional study | N = 5538 middle and high school students | Association with greater risk of moderate and serious levels of psychological distress, suicidal thoughts, suicide attempts |
| Kim et al. 2020 [67] | Cross-sectional study | N = 53,312 adolescents | Association with depressive mood and suicide ideation |
| Kaur et al. 2020 [68] | Longitudinal cohort study | N = 429 young adults | After 2-year follow-up, males had increase in depression, anxiety, and stress scores |
| Trapp et al. 2020 [69] | Prospective study | N = 1117 young adults | After 2-year follow-up, no significant associations between energy drink consumption and BMI or metabolic syndrome |
| Shearer et al. 2020 [70] | Double-blind, randomized cross-over study | N = 20 adolescents | Acute, transient insulin resistance |
| Almulla et al. 2020 [71] | Cross-sectional study | N = 1611 school students | Association with reduced sleep duration and increased fast foods consumption |
| Wee et al. 2020 [73] | Cross-sectional study | N = 129,809 adolescents | Association with allergic diseases such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis |
| Garg et al. 2020 [74] | Case report | 35-year-old woman | Energy drinks as a possible risk factor of atrophic gastritis and gastric intestinal metaplasia |
| Tóth et al. 2020 [75] | Cross-sectional study | N = 642 high school and college students | The most common effects: tachycardia, insomnia, tremors, headache |