Figure 3.

Effect of KCR, KCS, KCL, and KCF extract on the intracellular ROS production in UVA, UVB, or non-irradiated keratinocytes. Keratinocyte HaCaT were treated with KCR, KCS, KCL, and KCF extract (0.5 mg/mL) for 1 h after being exposed to UVA (20 J/cm²), UVB (50 mJ/cm²), or non-irradiation. These keratinocytes were maintained for 24 h. (A) Intracellular ROS production was visualized by Carl Zeiss fluorescence microscopy using CM-H₂DCFDA staining (scale bar; 100 μm). (B) Representative flow cytometer-based quantitative analysis show fluorescence intensity using CM-H₂DCFDA staining. * p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.01 (vs. UVA-irradiated group). + p < 0.05 and ++ p < 0.01 (vs. UVB-irradiated group). Data are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 3).