Table 8.
Metallic nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes with salinomycin.
| Composition | Combination Therapy | Preparation Method | Size (nm) | PDI | Zeta Potential (mV) | EE (%) | Drug Loading (%) | In Vitro Release | Biological Effect | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Metallic nanoparticles with salinomycin | ||||||||||
| Gold, SH-PEG-NH2 | - | Sodium citrate reduction method | 20.9 | n.r. | −4.2 | n.r. | 63.2 | n.r. | More pronounced inhibitory effect compared to free Sali; Sali induces an increase of ROS production; NPs cause cell death through ferroptosis | [40] |
| Gold | - | Seed-mediated silver-assisted approach; electrostatic adsorption | 56 × 16 | n.r. | 53.6 | n.r. | 22.6 | Approximatively 20% at 48 °C and less than 10% at 37 °C after 24 h;Maximum 7% in PBS pH 7.4 after irradiation | Irradiation promotes Sali release which leads to a synergistic effect and a more pronounced inhibitory effect. After 15 min of irradiation, cell viability decreased to less than 20% while the viability of ALDH+ cells decreased to almost 0% | [99] |
| Iron (III) acetylacetonate, PEI, PEG | - | Chemical reactions | 84.1 | 0.132 | 0.8 | 3.45 | n.r. | Sustained release for 72 h; pH 4.5 favors the release of Sali (66%) compared to pH 7.4 (44%) in the first hours | Similar toxicity with free Sali on U251 cell line; cell uptake of NPs was concentration-dependent; the application of a magnetic field favored NP uptake; the permeability of NPs was increased when a magnetic field and a 2% mannitol solution were applied in a blood–brain barrier-GB in vitro model | [100] |
| Carbon nanotubes with salinomycin | ||||||||||
| SWCNT, conjugated with HA and chitosan | - | Non-covalent functionalization | 154.55/200.13/237.09 1 | 0.26/0.38/0.34 1 | −28.77/+2.56/−11.23 1 | n.r. | 32.74/26.29/20.96 1 | < 20% in PBS pH 7.4 in 48 h 1; 60% in PBS pH 5.5 in 12 h 2 | HA favored the cell uptake of NPs through CD44 receptor; SWCNT functionalized with chitosan and HA exhibited the greatest inhibitory effect on CSCs | [101] |
| SWCNT-PEG; 4-hydrazinobenzoic acid, conjugated with CD44 antibodies | PTX 3 | n.r. | n.r. | n.r. | n.r. | n.r. | 1.8 mg of Sali/1 mg of SWCNT; 1.7 mg of PTX/1 mg of SWCNT | 50% in PBS pH 5.5 in 12 h for Sali or in 18 h for PTX | Synergistic effect between Sali-SWCNT and PTX-SWCNT on MDA-MB-231 cells; the co-treatment with Sali-SWCNT and PTX-SWCNT reduced the tumor volume by 40 times | [102] |
PDI, polydispersity index; EE, entrapment efficiency; SH-PEG-NH2, tiol-polyethylene glycol-amine; n.r., not reported; Sali, salinomycin; ROS, reactive oxygen species; NP, nanoparticle; PEI, polyethylenimine; PEG, polyethylene glycol; GB, glioblastoma; SWCNT, single-wall carbon nanotube; HA, hyaluronic acid; CSC, cancer stem cell; PTX, paclitaxel. 1 Data reported for salinomycin-loaded SWCNT, chitosan-functionalized salinomycin-loaded SWCNT, chitosan and hyaluronic acid-functionalized salinomycin-loaded SWCNT, respectively. 2 Data reported for chitosan-functionalized salinomycin-loaded SWCNT and chitosan and hyaluronic acid-functionalized salinomycin-loaded SWCNT, respectively. 3 Paclitaxel was loaded into nanotubes separately from salinomycin.