Table 1.
Maternal parameters characteristics according to GDM presence (N = 203).
| Parameters | GDM | p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes N = 50 |
No N = 153 |
|||
| Age, years (MV ± SD) | 32.74 ± 5.04 | 31.73 ± 4.73 | 0.200 * | |
| Menarche (MV ± SD) | 12.94 ± 0.98 | 13.08 ± 1.27 | 0.408 ** | |
| Rhesus type N (%) |
Negative | 7 (14%) | 20 (13.1%) | 0.867 *** |
| Positive | 43 (86%) | 133 (86.9%) | ||
| Allergies N (%) |
Yes | 7 (14%) | 15 (9.8%) | 0.407 *** |
| No | 43 (86%) | 138 (90.2%) | ||
| Positive family history for cardiovascular disease N (%) | Yes | 17 (34%) | 24 (15.7%) | 0.005 *** |
| No | 33 (66%) | 129 (84.3%) | ||
| Positive family history for DM N (%) | Yes | 13 (26%) | 5 (3.3%) | <0.001 *** |
| No | 37 (74%) | 148 (96.7%) | ||
| Pre-pregnancy Weight (MV ± SD) (kg) | 73.14 ± 12.16 | 65.61 ± 10.66 | <0.001 ** | |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (MV ± SD) (kg/m2) | 25.31 ± 4.06 | 22.67 ± 3.40 | <0.001 ** | |
| Obesity degree N (%) |
Underweight | 1 (2%) | 4 (2.6%) | <0.001 *** |
| Normal weight | 14 (28%) | 100 (65.4%) | ||
| Overweight | 29 (58%) | 42 (27.4%) | ||
| Obese | 6 (12%) | 7 (4.6%) | ||
| Weight at delivery, kg (MV ± SD) | 90.88 ± 12.94 | 80.96 ± 12.11 | <0.001 ** | |
| Gestational weight gain (GWG) N (%) | Yes | 36 (72%) | 56 (36.6%) | <0.001 *** |
| No | 14 (28%) | 97 (63.4%) | ||
| BMI at delivery (MV ± SD) (kg/m2) | 31.58 ± 4.38 | 27.97 ± 3.96 | <0.001 ** | |
| Parity after delivery N (%) | 1 | 28 (56%) | 83 (54.2%) | 0.825 *** |
| 2 | 18 (36%) | 61 (39.9%) | ||
| 3 | 3 (6%) | 8 (5.2%) | ||
| 4 | 1 (2%) | 1 (0.7%) | ||
| Pregnancy Related Hypertension (PRH) N (%) | Yes | 8 (16%) | 9 (5.9%) | 0.025 *** |
| No | 42 (84%) | 144 (94.1%) | ||
| Congenital Thrombophilia (CT) N (%) | Yes | 7 (14%) | 6 (3.9%) | 0.012 *** |
| No | 43 (86%) | 147 (96.1%) | ||
| Anemia in pregnancy N (%) | Yes | 27 (54%) | 62 (40.5%) | 0.095 *** |
| No | 23 (46%) | 91 (59.5%) | ||
| Drug use in pregnancy N (%) | Yes | 39 (78%) | 86 (56.2%) | 0.006 *** |
| No | 11 (22%) | 67 (43.8%) | ||
| Oral Antidiabetic drug use in pregnancy N (%) | Yes | 17 (34%) | 0 (0%) | <0.001 *** |
| No | 33 (66%) | 153 (100%) | ||
| Urine culture test N (%) | Positive | 7 (14%) | 14 (9.2%) | 0.328 *** |
| Negative | 43 (86%) | 139 (90.8%) | ||
| Group B Strep swab test N (%) | Positive | 6 (12%) | 29 (19.0%) | 0.258 *** |
| Negative | 44 (88%) | 124 (81.0%) | ||
| Antibiotics use during Labor N (%) | Yes | 15 (30%) | 47 (30.7%) | 0.924 *** |
| No | 35 (70%) | 106 (69.3%) | ||
| Mode of delivery N (%) | Vaginal | 19 (38%) | 109 (71.2%) | <0.001 *** |
| Cesarean Section | 24 (48%) | 31 (20.3%) | ||
| Instrumental | 6 (12%) | 7 (4.6%) | ||
| Induced | 1 (2%) | 6 (3.9%) | ||
| Prelabor premature rupture of membranes (PROM) N (%) | Yes | 5 (10%) | 19 (12.4%) | 0.677 *** |
| No | 45 (90%) | 134 (87.6%) | ||
| Complications during labor N (%) | Yes | 7 (14%) | 18 (11.8%) | 0.676 *** |
| No | 43 (86%) | 135 (88.2%) | ||
| Hemoglobin level before (MV ± SD) (g/L) | 117.96 ± 9.49 | 119.53 ± 9.73 | 0.323 * | |
| Hematocrit before (MV ± SD) (L/L) | 34.92 ± 2.38 | 35.19 ± 2.70 | 0.528 * | |
| Platelets before (MV ± SD) (1 × 109/L) | 217.90 ± 63.76 | 231.24 ± 57.49 | 0.106 ** | |
| Glucose level before (MV ± SD) (mmol/L) | 4.74 ± 0.75 | 4.58 ± 0.65 | 0.163 ** | |
| D dimer before (MV ± SD) (mg/L) | 1.83 ± 1.07 | 1.66 ± 0.96 | 0.107 ** | |
| Leucocytes after (MV ± SD) (1 × 109/L) | 11.13 ± 2.84 | 10.90 ± 2.69 | 0.443 ** | |
| Hemoglobin level after (MV ± SD) (g/L) | 102.39 ± 11.68 | 105.97 ± 11.68 | 0.04/1 ** | |
| Hematocrit after (MV ± SD) (L/L) | 30.46 ± 3.45 | 30.71 ± 4.24 | 0.235 ** | |
| Platelets after (MV ± SD) (1 × 109/L) | 201.43 ± 63.65 | 215.07 ± 56.67 | 0.085 ** | |
| Glucose level after (MV ± SD) (mmol/L) | 5.66 ± 1.07 | 4.88 ± 0.80 | <0.001 ** | |
| D-dimer after labor (MV ± SD) (mg/L) | 1.60 ± 0.80 | 1.41 ± 0.81 | 0.033 ** | |
* Independent samples t-test; ** Mann–Whitney U-test; *** Chi-square test; GDM: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus; MV ± SD: Mean Value ± Standard Deviation; DM: Diabetes Mellitus; BMI: Body Mass Index.