Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of the study population.
| Men | Women | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | Without NAFLD | With NAFLD | p | Without NAFLD | With NAFLD | p |
| Unweighted number, n | 2311 | 916 | 3920 | 986 | ||
| Age, years | 48.6 ± 0.5 | 47.3 ± 0.8 | 0.153 | 46.6 ± 0.4 | 54.5 ± 0.7 | <0.001 |
| Height, m | 1.698 ± 0.002 | 1.702 ± 0.004 | 0.356 | 1.572 ± 0.002 | 1.555 ± 0.003 | <0.001 |
| Weight, kg | 67.4 ± 0.3 | 74.4 ± 0.6 | <0.001 | 56.1 ± 0.2 | 62.0 ± 0.5 | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.3 ± 0.1 | 25.6 ± 0.2 | <0.001 | 22.7 ± 0.1 | 25.6 ± 0.2 | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 82.3 ± 0.3 | 88.8 ± 0.4 | <0.001 | 76.3 ± 0.3 | 85.2 ± 0.5 | <0.001 |
| Mean blood pressure, mmHg | 93.2 ± 0.3 | 95.4 ± 0.5 | 0.001 | 87.5 ± 0.4 | 93.6 ± 0.6 | <0.001 |
| Smoking status, % (SE) | 0.030 | 0.134 | ||||
| Never smoker | 21.7 (1.1) | 17.2 (1.6) | 90.0 (0.7) | 92.0 (1.3) | ||
| Ex-smoker | 13.9 (1.2) | 17.9 (2.0) | 1.4 (0.3) | 0.7 (0.2) | ||
| Current smoker | 64.4 (1.5) | 64.9 (2.3) | 8.6 (0.6) | 7.3 (1.3) | ||
| Alcohol drinker, % (SE) | 73.1 (1.4) | 69.7 (2.1) | 0.151 | 39.8 (1.1) | 34.4 (2.1) | 0.033 |
| Regular exercise, % (SE) | 27.6 (1.4) | 24.5 (1.7) | 0.145 | 21.2 (1.0) | 16.9 (1.8) | <0.001 |
| Glucose, mg/dL | 95.7 ± 0.4 | 108.3 ± 1.2 | <0.001 | 92.5 ± 0.3 | 110.0 ± 1.3 | <0.001 |
| Insulin, µIU/mLt | 8.3 ± 0.1 | 13.7 ± 0.3 | <0.001 | 8.7 ± 0.1 | 14.4 ± 0.3 | <0.001 |
| HOMA-IR | 2.0 ± 0.0 | 3.7 ± 0.1 | <0.001 | 2.0 ± 0.0 | 3.9 ± 0.1 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 186.1 ± 0.9 | 191.5 ± 1.7 | 0.006 | 185.5 ± 0.8 | 196.0 ± 1.7 | <0.001 |
| AST, U/L | 21.5 ± 0.2 | 32.7 ± 1.4 | <0.001 | 18.7 ± 0.1 | 26.8 ± 0.7 | <0.001 |
| ALT, U/L | 20.8 ± 0.3 | 42.9 ± 1.3 | <0.001 | 14.9 ± 0.1 | 29.1 ± 0.9 | <0.001 |
| Total caloric intake, kcal/day | 2228.9 ± 28.6 | 2222.2 ± 39.7 | 0.879 | 1653.8 ± 14.8 | 1595.7 ± 33.3 | 0.096 |
| Protein intake, % | 14.5 ± 0.1 | 14.7 ± 0.2 | 0.458 | 14.2 ± 0.1 | 14.1 ± 0.2 | 0.441 |
| Carbohydrate intake, % | 65.3 ± 0.4 | 64.9 ± 0.7 | 0.562 | 69.5 ± 0.3 | 71.2 ± 0.6 | 0.005 |
| Fat intake, % | 17.2 ± 0.3 | 17.7 ± 0.5 | 0.301 | 16.7 ± 0.2 | 15.6 ± 0.4 | 0.028 |
| Number of chronic diseases, % (SE) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| 0 | 86.34 (1.0) | 64.7 (2.2 | 89.8 (0.7) | 60.0 (2.3) | ||
| 1 | 10.7 (0.9) | 27.6 (2.1) | 9.0 (0.7) | 32.4 (2.2) | ||
| ≥2 | 2.9 (0.5) | 7.7 (1.5 | 1.2 (0.3) | 7.6 (1.3) | ||
| NAFLD-liver fat score | −1.672 ± 0.018 | 0.465 ± 0.056 | <0.001 | −1.915 ± 0.015 | 0.257 ± 0.039 | <0.001 |
| ASM, kg | 21.9 ± 0.1 | 23.0 ± 0.2 | <0.001 | 14.3 ± 0.1 | 15.0 ± 0.1 | <0.001 |
| wSMI, % | 32.6 ± 0.1 | 31.0 ± 0.1 | <0.001 | 25.5 ± 0.1 | 24.3 ± 0.1 | <0.001 |
| hSMI, kg/m2 | 7.6 ± 0.0 | 7.9 ± 0.1 | <0.001 | 5.8 ± 0.0 | 6.2 ± 0.0 | <0.001 |
| bSMI, m2 | 0.944 ± 0.004 | 0.902 ± 0.006 | <0.001 | 0.640 ± 0.003 | 0.590 ± 0.004 | <0.001 |
p values were derived from weighted generalized linear regression analysis for continuous variables and weighted chi-square tests for categorical variables. Abbreviations: NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; BMI, body mass index; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; ASM, appendicular skeletal muscle mass; wSMI, weight-adjusted skeletal muscle mass index; hSMI, height-adjusted skeletal muscle mass index; bSMI, body mass index-adjusted skeletal muscle mass index; SE, standard error.