Table 4.
Apicomplexa identified in Eswatini ticks. Tick species, life stage, and sample size indicated in columns. Numbers of positive samples are shown followed by the prevalence estimates and then 95% confident intervals for prevalence estimates in brackets. Blue font represents a novel association between a pathogen and tick species. Haemaphysalis elliptica adults (n = 219), R. evertsi adults (n = 6), and R. maculatus adults (n = 93) were screened for Apicomplexa and all tested negative.
| A. hebraeum | R. appendiculatus | R. maculatus | R. simus | R. muehlensi | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pathogen Species/Genotype | Adult (n = 12) | Nymph (n = 38) | Adult (n = 146) | Nymph (n = 554) | Nymph (n = 41) | Adult (n = 494) | Adult (n = 39) | Nymph (n = 74) |
| Babesia caballi | 0 | 0 | 1; 0.7% (0.02–3.8%) | 1; 0.2% (0.005–1.0%) | 0 | 2; 0.4% (0.05–1.5%) | 0 | 0 |
| Babesia sp. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1; 0.2% (0.01–1.1%) | 0 | 0 |
| Hepatozoon sp. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1; 0.2% (0.01–1.1%) | 1; 2.6% (0.1–13.5%) | 0 |
| Theileria equi | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8; 1.4% (0.6–2.8%) | 0 | 0 | 1; 2.6% (0.1–13.5%) | 0 |
| Theileria ovis | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7; 1.2% (0.5–2.6%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Theiliera sp. Aepycerotini | 0 | 0 | 0 | 19; 3.4% (2.1–5.3%) | 6; 14.6% (5.6–29.2%) | 1; 0.2% (0.01–1.1%) | 1; 2.6% (0.1–13.5%) | 11; 14.9% (7.7–25.0%) |
| Theileria sp. giraffe | 0 | 0 | 2; 1.4% (0.2–4.9%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Theileria sp. impala | 0 | 3; 7.9% (1.7–21.4%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Theileria sp. rodent | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1; 0.2% (0.01–1.1%) | 0 | 0 |
| Theileria sp. sable | 0 | 0 | 7; 4.8% (1.9–9.6%) | 1; 0.2% (0.005–1.0%) | 0 | 2; 0.4% (0.05–1.5%) | 0 | 0 |
| Theileria sp. Tragelaphini B | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2; 5.1% (0.6–17.3%) | 0 |
| Theileria sp. Tragelaphini D | 0 | 0 | 8; 5.5% (2.4–10.5%) | 14; 2.5% (1.4–4.2%) | 1; 2.4% (0.06–12.9%) | 0 | 1; 2.6% (0.1–13.5%) | 9; 12.1% (5.7–21.8%) |
| Theileria sp. Tragelaphini E | 0 | 0 | 1; 0.7% (0.02–3.8%) | 2; 0.4% (0.04–1.3%) | 0 | 1; 0.2% (0.01–1.1%) | 3; 7.7% (1.6–20.9%) | 0 |
| Theileria sp. waterbuck | 0 | 2; 5.3% (0.6–17.7%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Theileria taurotragi | 0 | 0 | 4; 2.7% (0.8–6.9%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2; 5.1% (0.6–17.3%) | 0 |
| Theileria velifera | 1; 8.3% (0.2–38.5%) | 4; 10.5% (2.9–24.8%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Theileria sp. A | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1; 2.4% (0.06–12.9%) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Theileria sp. B | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2; 2.7% (0.3–9.4%) |
| Richness | 3 | 9 | 3 | 7 | 8 | |||