Table 6.
Distribution of sodium and potassium daily dietary intake below (<7.5) and above (≥7.5) the median adherence to the Mediterranean–DASH Diet Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) (in mg/day). Mean, standard deviation, and p values from the t-test of differences between means are reported.
| Sodium | Potassium | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Food 1 | MIND < 7.5 N = 288 |
MIND ≥ 7.5 N = 431 |
p Value | MIND < 7.5 N = 288 |
MIND ≥ 7.5 N = 431 |
p Value |
| Total intake | 2121.5 (841.8) | 2172.1 (885.4) | 0.444 | 3058.1 (993.1) | 3573.9 (1165.8) | <0.001 |
| Cereals and cereal products | 687.3 (440.1) | 732.3 (461.9) | 0.193 | 390.3 (194.9) | 390.7 (208.9) | 0.981 |
| Pasta and other grains | 33.4 (22.9) | 30.2 (22.1) | 0.057 | 154.3 (105.6) | 139.3 (101.8) | 0.057 |
| Rice | 0.04 (0.06) | 0.05 (0.06) | 0.160 | 7.3 (10.1) | 8.5 (11.6) | 0.160 |
| Bread and rolls | 406.9 (375.3) | 435.1 (398.5) | 0.341 | 142.0 (131.0) | 151.9 (139.1) | 0.341 |
| Pizza, crackers, and other salty snacks | 247.0 (190.8) | 267.0 (191.5) | 0.170 | 86.7 (67.6) | 91.1 (62.9) | 0.380 |
| Meat and meat products | 595.0 (354.1) | 480.7 (339.6) | <0.001 | 607.0 (298.2) | 553.5 (327.0) | 0.026 |
| Red meat | 123.6 (77.8) | 107.4 (79.2) | 0.007 | 321.2 (193.7) | 263.7 (187.8) | <0.001 |
| White meat | 39.5 (38.1) | 53.8 (44.7) | <0.001 | 127.0 (123.5) | 171.9 (143.2) | <0.001 |
| Processed meat | 430.1 (326.9) | 318.1 (283.7) | <0.001 | 151.3 (115.0) | 111.9 (99.8) | <0.001 |
| Offal | 1.8 (4.6) | 1.4 (3.3) | 0.202 | 7.6 (19.7) | 6.0 (14.2) | 0.202 |
| Milk and dairy products | 281.8 (189.9) | 298.2 (217.4) | 0.299 | 342.1 (376.8) | 425.2 (427.7) | 0.008 |
| Milk and yogurt | 72.9 (92.1) | 93.1 (103.1) | 0.007 | 298.3 (372.1) | 381.7 (419.3) | 0.007 |
| Cheese | 208.9 (162.7) | 205.1 (177.4) | 0.769 | 43.7 (34.2) | 43.5 (38.8) | 0.927 |
| Fresh cheese | 56.7 (66.3) | 59.6 (81.8) | 0.616 | 17.6 (20.6) | 18.5 (25.4) | 0.616 |
| Aged cheese | 152.2 (134.7) | 145.4 (139.3) | 0.520 | 26.1 (23.1) | 25.0 (23.9) | 0.520 |
| Eggs | 16.0 (12.4) | 17.2 (12.8) | 0.210 | 17.2 (13.3) | 18.5 (13.7) | 0.210 |
| Fish and seafood | 100.8 (96.8) | 149.1 (189.5) | <0.001 | 81.4 (66.9) | 124.6 (93.1) | <0.001 |
| Fish | 75.3 (84.5) | 114.1 (179.1) | 0.001 | 71.8 (62.3) | 111.6 (86.4) | <0.001 |
| Preserved and tinned fish | 55.2 (75.9) | 83.6 (173.6) | 0.009 | 24.4 (24.1) | 36.3 (43.8) | <0.001 |
| Non-piscivorous fish | 11.1 (14.1) | 16.9 (19.8) | <0.001 | 28.1 (35.8) | 44.0 (49.3) | <0.001 |
| Piscivorous fish | 9.0 (16.3) | 13.6 (22.8) | 0.003 | 19.3 (28.2) | 31.3 (42.3) | <0.001 |
| Crustaceans and mollusks | 25.6 (32.9) | 35.0 (48.6) | 0.004 | 9.6 (12.5) | 13.0 (18.1) | 0.006 |
| All vegetables | 222.0 (146.2) | 303.2 (168.5) | <0.001 | 405.1 (262.6) | 574.7 (289.8) | <0.001 |
| Leafy vegetables | 22.4 (21.1) | 37.9 (29.5) | <0.001 | 72.1 (73.7) | 123.2 (87.6) | <0.001 |
| Tomatoes | 95.0 (99.9) | 106.6 (116.6) | 0.169 | 208.0 (168.8) | 251.7 (185.9) | 0.001 |
| Root vegetables | 12.4 (16.6) | 21.4 (23.6) | <0.001 | 66.5 (72.3) | 101.0 (96.8) | <0.001 |
| Cabbage | 1.4 (2.3) | 3.1 (4.8) | <0.001 | 7.6 (12.3) | 16.7 (26.3) | <0.001 |
| Other vegetables | 90.8 (74.2) | 134.3 (88.3) | <0.001 | 50.9 (45.1) | 82.1 (54.4) | <0.001 |
| Mushrooms | 0.4 (0.7) | 0.6 (1.0) | 0.002 | 10.0 (15.7) | 14.8 (22.5) | 0.002 |
| Legumes | 9.4 (10.6) | 16.4 (14.5) | <0.001 | 130.9 (147.4) | 227.0 (201.2) | <0.001 |
| Potatoes | 35.0 (34.5) | 39.8 (39.1) | 0.093 | 91.9 (90.5) | 104.5 (102.8) | 0.093 |
| Fresh fruit | 3.4 (2.1) | 4.8 (2.6) | <0.001 | 423.7 (260.7) | 600.9 (328.1) | <0.001 |
| Citrus fruit | 2.1 (1.3) | 3.0 (1.8) | <0.001 | 332.8 (211.2) | 481.3 (279.5) | <0.001 |
| All other fruit | 1.3 (1.1) | 1.7 (1.3) | <0.001 | 90.9 (77.7) | 119.6 (88.9) | <0.001 |
| Dry fruit, nuts and seeds | 1.1 (2.2) | 2.4 (3.9) | <0.001 | 7.3 (13.9) | 15.5 (24.9) | <0.001 |
| Dry fruit | 0.2 (0.8) | 0.6 (1.5) | <0.001 | 1.7 (5.9) | 4.3 (10.7) | <0.001 |
| Nuts and seeds | 0.9 (1.9) | 1.8 (3.3) | <0.001 | 5.6 (11.9) | 11.2 (20.4) | <0.001 |
| Sweets products | 137.3 (149.3) | 99.6 (115.8) | <0.001 | 186.6 (152) | 157.9 (143.5) | 0.011 |
| Sugar, non-chocolate confectionery | 0.4 (1.0) | 0.3 (0.5) | <0.010 | 26.9 (25.6) | 28.1 (37.8) | 0.636 |
| Chocolate, candy bars, etc. | 2.1 (3.5) | 2.1 (3.4) | 0.996 | 39.6 (67.4) | 39.6 (64.9) | 0.996 |
| Ice-cream | 4.4 (5.1) | 3.9 (4.3) | 0.180 | 22.2 (25.5) | 19.8 (21.6) | 0.180 |
| Cakes, pies and pastries | 91.5 (137.2) | 62.4 (94.6) | <0.001 | 65.8 (98.6) | 44.8 (68.0) | 0.001 |
| Biscuits, dry cakes | 38.9 (41.9) | 30.9 (42.7) | 0.014 | 32.2 (34.6) | 25.6 (35.3) | 0.014 |
| Oils and fats | 11.2 (11) | 8.8 (11.7) | 0.006 | 1.3 (1.1) | 1.0 (1.1) | 0.004 |
| Vegetables fats and oils (non-olive) | 0.9 (2.1) | 0.6 (1.1) | 0.029 | 0.06 (0.14) | 0.05 (0.08) | 0.035 |
| Olive oil | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.03 (0.02) | <0.001 | 0.11 (0.07) | 0.14 (0.08) | <0.001 |
| Butter and other animal fats | 10.2 (10.7) | 8.1 (11.5) | 0.012 | 1.1 (1.1) | 0.8 (1.1) | 0.001 |
| Beverages | 20.6 (23.0) | 19.1 (26.4) | 0.410 | 363.3 (252.6) | 365.2 (289.2) | 0.930 |
| Coffee and tea | 3.0 (2.2) | 3.3 (3.1) | 0.108 | 160.4 (124.9) | 194.4 (181.8) | 0.006 |
| Wine | 2.4 (2.8) | 1.5 (2.1) | <0.001 | 92.9 (112.9) | 60.3 (82.5) | <0.001 |
| Red wine | 1.3 (2.0) | 0.9 (1.4) | 0.001 | 65.9 (100.9) | 44.0 (69.9) | 0.001 |
| White wine | 1.0 (1.8) | 0.6 (1.3) | 0.001 | 27.0 (47.9) | 16.3 (34.6) | 0.001 |
| Aperitif wines and beers | 4.4 (10.6) | 3.7 (12.3) | 0.423 | 30.3 (72.3) | 25.2 (82.7) | 0.400 |
| Spirits and liqueurs | 0.2 (0.6) | 0.1 (0.4) | 0.041 | 0.2 (0.8) | 0.1 (0.6) | 0.041 |
| Fruit juices | 4.2 (7.9) | 5.3 (14.6) | 0.212 | 70.6 (131.9) | 78.2 (166.7) | 0.516 |
| Soft drinks | 6.6 (14.1) | 5.1 (15.9) | 0.210 | 8.9 (19.3) | 7.0 (21.6) | 0.210 |
1 Bold characters relate to main food categories.