Table 8.
Summary of the top 10 models ordered by average accuracy and F1-Score for COVID-19.
| Hybrid Model | Class | Precision | Recall | Specificity | F1-Score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Xception-LSTM | Bacterial Pneumonia | 0.92 ± 0.17 | 0.94 ± 0.12 | 0.96 ± 0.08 | 0.93 ± 0.15 |
| (20 frames) | COVID-19 | 0.94 ± 0.12 | 0.97 ± 0.06 | 0.96 ± 0.09 | 0.95 ± 0.10 |
| Acc. 0.93 ± 0.13 | Healthy | 0.95 ± 0.10 | 0.89 ± 0.22 | 0.98 ± 0.03 | 0.91 ± 0.17 |
| NASNetLarge-LSTM | Bacterial Pneumonia | 0.91 ± 0.17 | 0.86 ± 0.23 | 0.98 ± 0.05 | 0.88 ± 0.21 |
| (20 frames) | COVID-19 | 0.91 ± 0.14 | 0.94 ± 0.12 | 0.95 ± 0.08 | 0.93 ± 0.13 |
| Acc. 0.92 ± 0.14 | Healthy | 0.93 ± 0.13 | 0.95 ± 0.09 | 0.96 ± 0.09 | 0.94 ± 0.11 |
| DenseNet121-LSTM | Bacterial Pneumonia | 0.94 ± 0.11 | 0.90 ± 0.20 | 0.98 ± 0.03 | 0.92 ± 0.16 |
| (20 frames) | COVID-19 | 0.92 ± 0.15 | 0.95 ± 0.09 | 0.95 ± 0.10 | 0.94 ± 0.12 |
| Acc. 0.92 ± 0.16 | Healthy | 0.91 ± 0.18 | 0.91 ± 0.18 | 0.95 ± 0.10 | 0.91 ± 0.18 |
| POCOVID-Net-3-LSTM | Bacterial Pneumonia | 0.93 ± 0.13 | 0.88 ± 0.24 | 0.98 ± 0.03 | 0.90 ± 0.20 |
| (5 frames ) | COVID-19 | 0.91 ± 0.18 | 0.97 ± 0.06 | 0.92 ± 0.16 | 0.93 ± 0.13 |
| Acc. 0.92 ± 0.17 | Healthy | 0.92 ± 0.16 | 0.89 ± 0.22 | 0.97 ± 0.07 | 0.90 ± 0.19 |
| DenseNet201-LSTM | Bacterial Pneumonia | 0.89 ± 0.22 | 0.90 ± 0.20 | 0.95 ± 0.09 | 0.90 ± 0.21 |
| (5 frames) | COVID-19 | 0.93 ± 0.13 | 0.92 ± 0.15 | 0.97 ± 0.07 | 0.93 ± 0.14 |
| Acc. 0.92 ± 0.17 | Healthy | 0.92 ± 0.15 | 0.92 ± 0.15 | 0.96 ± 0.09 | 0.92 ± 0.15 |
| NASNetMobile-LSTM | Bacterial Pneumonia | 0.93 ± 0.13 | 0.84 ± 0.32 | 0.99 ± 0.02 | 0.86 ± 0.28 |
| (15 frames) | COVID-19 | 0.90 ± 0.20 | 0.97 ± 0.06 | 0.90 ± 0.19 | 0.93 ± 0.15 |
| Acc. 0.92 ± 0.17 | Healthy | 0.95 ± 0.11 | 0.92 ± 0.15 | 0.97 ± 0.05 | 0.93 ± 0.13 |
| POCOVID-Net-1-LSTM | Bacterial Pneumonia | 1.00 ± 0.00 | 0.88 ± 0.24 | 1.00 ± 0.00 | 0.91 ± 0.17 |
| (20 frames) | COVID-19 | 0.92 ± 0.16 | 0.89 ± 0.22 | 0.97 ± 0.07 | 0.90 ± 0.19 |
| Acc. 0.92 ± 0.17 | Healthy | 0.90 ± 0.20 | 0.97 ± 0.06 | 0.90 ± 0.19 | 0.93 ± 0.15 |
| POCOVID-Net-4-LSTM | Bacterial Pneumonia | 0.92 ± 0.16 | 0.92 ± 0.16 | 0.97 ± 0.06 | 0.92 ± 0.16 |
| (10 frames) | COVID-19 | 0.91 ± 0.18 | 0.89 ± 0.22 | 0.96 ± 0.09 | 0.90 ± 0.20 |
| Acc. 0.92 ± 0.17 | Healthy | 0.92 ± 0.16 | 0.94 ± 0.12 | 0.95 ± 0.10 | 0.93 ± 0.14 |
| ResNet152V2-LSTM | Bacterial Pneumonia | 0.93 ± 0.13 | 0.84 ± 0.32 | 0.99 ± 0.02 | 0.86 ± 0.28 |
| (10 frames) | COVID-19 | 0.91 ± 0.17 | 0.92 ± 0.15 | 0.95 ± 0.10 | 0.92 ± 0.16 |
| Acc. 0.91 ± 0.18 | Healthy | 0.91 ± 0.19 | 0.95 ± 0.09 | 0.92 ± 0.16 | 0.92 ± 0.15 |
| ResNet152V2-LSTM | Bacterial Pneumonia | 0.89 ± 0.23 | 0.86 ± 0.28 | 0.97 ± 0.06 | 0.87 ± 0.26 |
| (20 frames) | COVID-19 | 0.91 ± 0.18 | 0.91 ± 0.18 | 0.95 ± 0.10 | 0.91 ± 0.18 |
| Acc. 0.91 ± 0.18 | Healthy | 0.92 ± 0.15 | 0.95 ± 0.09 | 0.95 ± 0.10 | 0.94 ± 0.12 |