Table 1.
Characteristics of participants by different breastfeeding groups.
| Characteristics | Breastfeeding Groups | p | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-Breastfeeding (n = 1997) |
0–6 Months (n = 2783) |
6–12 Months (n = 5153) |
>12 Months (n = 2177) |
||
| Age, year | 10.7 ± 3.3 | 10.7 ± 3.3 | 11.0 ± 3.2 # | 11.0 ± 3.1 # | 0.001 |
| Height, cm | 146.0 ± 17.4 | 145.7 ± 17.2 | 146.5 ± 17.0 | 147.3 ± 15.7 # | 0.008 |
| Weight, kg | 41.1 ± 16.2 | 40.4 ± 15.8 | 41.3 ± 15.3 | 42.8 ± 15.9 # | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 18.6 ± 3.9 | 18.3 ± 3.7 # | 18.6 ± 3.7 | 19.1 ± 4.1 # | <0.001 |
| Physical activity ≥ 1h/d | 515 (29.9%) | 744 (30.5%) | 1428 (31.6%) | 591 (32.4%) | 0.314 |
| Urban area | 1323 (66.2%) | 1649 (59.3%) # | 2925 (56.8%) # | 920 (42.3%) # | <0.001 |
| Girls | 957 (47.9%) | 1377 (49.5%) | 2643 (51.3%) | 1084 (49.8%) | 0.065 |
| Daily SSB consumption ≤ 1 serving $ | 1648 (89.8%) | 2357 (90.2%) | 4357 (90.8%) | 1796 (90.3%) | 0.592 |
| Daily meat consumption, serving$ | <0.001 | ||||
| <2 | 1475 (78.8%) | 1930 (73.3%) | 3859 (78.7%) | 1777 (87.2%) | |
| 2–3 | 302 (16.1%) | 573 (21.8%) | 837 (17.1%) | 189 (9.3%) | |
| >3 | 96 (5.1%) | 130 (4.9%) | 209 (4.3%) | 73 (3.6%) | |
| Frequency of high-energy food intake | 0.220 | ||||
| 0 time | 506 (26.7%) | 679 (25.6%) | 1212 (24.5%) | 556 (27.0%) | |
| 1–3 times per week | 1063 (56.0%) | 1511 (57.0%) | 2801 (56.7%) | 1138 (55.2%) | |
| ≥4 times per week | 329 (17.3%) | 462 (17.4%) | 931 (18.8%) | 367 (17.8%) | |
| Frequency of fried food intake | <0.001 | ||||
| 0 time | 807 (42.7%) | 1251 (47.3%) | 2164 (43.8%) | 817 (39.9%) | |
| 1–3 times per week | 957 (50.7%) | 1214 (45.9%) | 2424 (49.1%) | 1052 (51.3%) | |
| ≥4 times per week | 125 (6.6%) | 182 (6.9%) | 350 (7.1%) | 180 (8.8%) | |
| Maternal education level | <0.001 | ||||
| Primary or below | 146 (7.5%) | 159 (5.8%) | 508 (10.1%) | 282 (13.2%) | |
| Secondary or equivalent | 1526 (78.8%) | 2046 (74.9%) | 3977 (79.0%) | 1709 (80.0%) | |
| Bachelor degree or above | 265 (13.7%) | 527 (19.3%) | 552 (11.0%) | 146 (6.8%) | |
| Paternal education level | <0.001 | ||||
| Primary or below | 111 (5.7%) | 130 (4.8%) | 344 (6.8%) | 237 (11.1%) | |
| Secondary or equivalent | 1509 (77.5%) | 1993 (73.1%) | 4031 (80.0%) | 1755 (82.0%) | |
| Bachelor degree or above | 326 (16.8%) | 603 (22.1%) | 666 (13.2%) | 149 (7.0%) | |
| TC, mg/dL | 155.1 ± 33.2 | 156.7 ± 32.7 | 151.4 ± 33.2 # | 146.6 ± 30.2 # | <0.001 |
| TG, mg/dL | 80.8 ± 40.4 | 79.1 ± 42.4 | 82.1 ± 39.9 | 83.3 ± 44.7 | 0.002 |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | 85.2 ± 27.0 | 85.3 ± 26.9 | 84.1 ± 26.4 | 80.5 ± 25.0 # | <0.001 |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 53.5 ± 12.9 | 53.9 ± 13.2 | 53.1 ± 12.4 | 51.3 ± 12.2 # | <0.001 |
| TC/HDL-C | 3.0 ± 0.9 | 3.0 ± 0.8 | 3.0 ± 0.9 # | 3.0 ± 0.8 # | 0.002 |
| High TC | 139 (7.0%) | 215 (7.7%) | 278 (5.4%) | 69 (3.2%) # | <0.001 |
| High TG | 266 (13.3%) | 326 (11.7%) | 673 (13.1%) | 310 (14.2%) | 0.065 |
| High LDL-C | 116 (5.8%) | 157 (5.6%) | 277 (5.4%) | 92 (4.2%) | 0.081 |
| Low HDL-C | 255 (12.8%) | 344 (12.4%) | 673 (13.1%) | 376 (17.3%) # | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia | 545 (27.3%) | 746 (26.8%) | 1391 (27.0%) | 636 (29.2%) | 0.209 |
BMI: body mass index, SSB: sugar-sweetened beverage, TC: total cholesterol, TG: triglyceride, LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, TC/HDL-C: total/HDL cholesterol ratio. Continuous variables were expressed by mean values and standard deviation, and categorical variables were expressed by numbers and percentages. $ One serving of SSBs is approximately 250 mL. One serving of meat is approximately 50 g. # indicated there was a statistically significant difference compared with the non-breastfeeding group.