Table 1.
Beneficial effects of probiotics on CHD and stroke.
| Disease | Product | Probiotic Strains | Subject | Dose | Duration | Outcomes | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type 2 diabetic patients with CHD | Probiotic |
B. bifidum, L. casei, L. acidophilus |
Human |
2 × 109 CFU/day |
12 weeks | Fasting plasma glucose, insulin, insulin resistane and total/HDL cholesterol ratio ↓ Insulin sensitivity and HDL cholesterol levels ↑, hs-CRP ↓ Antioxidant capacity and total glutathione levels ↑ |
[67] |
| Diabetic people with CHD | Vitamin D and probiotics | L. zisttakhmir | Human |
8 × 109 CFU/g |
12 weeks | Serum insulin levels ↓ Serum 25-OH-vitamin D ↑ Serum HDL cholesterol levels ↑ Serum hs-CRP, plasma NO, and plasma TCA ↑ |
[68] |
| Type 2 diabetic patients with CHD | Probiotic and selenium | L. acidophilus, L. reuteri, L.fermentum, B. bifidum | Human |
2 × 109 CFU/g |
12 weeks | Fasting plasma glucose, serum insulin levels, insulin resistance ↓ Triglycerides, VLDL and total cholesterol, and hs CRP ↓ NO ↑ |
[69] |
| Type 2 diabetic patients with CHD | Synbiotic |
L. acidophilus, L. casei, B. bifidum |
Human |
2 × 109 CFU/g |
12 weeks | Fasting plasma glucose, serum insulin concentrations ↓ HLDL-cholesterol levels ↑ |
[70] |
| Overweight, diabetes, and CHD | Synbiotic | L. acidophilus strain T16 (IBRC-M10785), L. casei strain T2 (IBRC-M10783) B. bifidum strain T1 (IBRC-M10771) | Human |
2 × 109 CFU/g |
12 weeks | Serum hs-CRP and plasma MDA ↓ Plasma NO ↑ |
[71] |
| Men with stable CAD | Probiotic | L. plantarum 299v (Lp299v) | Human |
2× 1010 CFU/d |
6 weeks | NO ↑ IL-8, IL-12, and leptin levels↓ |
[72] |
| CAD patients | Probiotic | L. rhamnosus GG (LGG) | Human |
1.6 × 109 CFU/d |
12 weeks |
IL1-Beta
↓
LPS ↓ |
[73] |
| CAD patients | Synbiotic | L. rhamnosus GG (LGG) | Human |
1.9 × 109 CFU/d |
8 weeks |
hs-CRP
↓
LPS ↓ TNF-α ↓ |
[74] |
| I schemic stroke | Probiotics | C. butyricum | Male ICR mice | No mention | 2 weeks | MDA and TNF-α ↓ SOD activity ↑ Caspase-3, Bax and Bcl/Bax ↓ Butyrate contents ↑ |
[75] |
| Focal cerebral ischemia in mice | Probiotics |
B.breve, L.casei, L.bulgaricus (L.delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus),
L. acidophilus |
Male BLC57 mice |
107 CFU/mL |
14 days | Infarct size ↓ MDA and TNF-α ↓ |
[76] |
| Heat stroke in rats | Probiotics | Bacillus licheniformis strain (BL, CMCC 63516) | Male Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats |
1 × 108 CFU/mL |
7 days | Hyperthermia, HS-induced death, multiple-organ injury, levels of serum inflammatory cytokines, and intestinal injury ↓ tight junctions ↑ Ratios of Lactobacillus and Lactococcus in gut microbiota ↑ |
[77] |
| Cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury in rats | Probiotics | Lactobacillus ILA amylovorus DSM 16698T (ILA) | Male SD rat | 106, 107 and 108 CFU/mL |
2 h | Cerebral infarction volume and neural cell apoptosis ↓ MDA and TLR-4 ↓ SOD activity ↑ IkB and A20 ↑ |
[78] |
hs-CRP, high sensitivity C-reactive protein; NO, nitric oxide; TAC, total antioxidant capacity; MDA, malondialdehyde; TLR-4, Toll-like receptor-4; SOD, superoxide dismutase; ↓, the levels, size or abundance decreased; ↑, the levels, size or abundance increased.