Table 2.
Beneficial effects of prebiotics on various CVDs.
| Disease | Product | Prebiotics | Subject | Dose | Duration | Outcomes | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type 2 diabetic patients with CHD | Synbiotic | Inulin | Human | 800 mg/day | 12 weeks | Fasting plasma glucose, serum insulin concentrations ↓ HLDL cholesterol levels ↑ |
[70] |
| Overweight, diabetes, and CHD | Synbiotic | Inulin | Human | 800 mg/day | 12 weeks | Serum hs-CRP and plasma MDA ↓ Plasma NO ↑ |
[71] |
| CAD patient | Synbiotic | Inulin | Human | 15 g/day | 2 months | hs-CRP, LPS, TNF-α ↓ | [74] |
| Chronic kidney disease patients | Prebiotic | Inulin | Human | 19 g/day | 6 months | Serum insulin and fasting glucose levels, HOMA-IR, total cholesterol, Triglycerides, CRP and homocysteine ↓ HDL cholesterol ↑ |
[122] |
| Women with type 2 diabetes | Prebiotic | Inulin and oligofructose | Human | 10 g/day | 8 weeks | Total antioxidant capacity ↑ Fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, TC/HDL-c ratio, LDL-c/HDL-c ratio and malondialdehyde ↓ |
[123] |
| Hypercholesterolemic adults | Prebiotic | Concentrated oat beta-glucan with inulin and guar gum | Human | 6 g/day | 6 weeks | Total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol ↓ SCFAs ↑ |
[124] |
| Atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic APOE*3-Leiden mice | Prebiotic | Inulin | Male APOE*3-Leiden (E3L) mice | 10% of diet | 5 weeks | Atherosclerosis, number of macrophages, smooth muscle cells, collagen content, plasma total cholesterol levels ↑ | [125] |
| Female rats with modeled heart failure | Prebiotics complex | Prebiotic complex based on fermented wheat bran | Female rat | 0.5 g/day/rat | 21 days | Concentrations of endotoxin, markers of Lactobacilli, and opportunistic microorganisms ↓ markers of Bifidobacteria, Eubacteria, and Propionibacteria ↑ |
[126] |
| Subjects with hypercholesterolemia | Prebiotic | Soluble fiber (minolest) | Human | 16.5 g/day | 3 months | Total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol ↓ | [127] |
| A rat model of ischemia-reperfusion | Prebiotic | Polysaccharides of pectin (larch arabinogalactan) | Male SD rat | 50 mg/kg/day | 3 days | Gelsolin gene expression, p38 phosphorylation, apoptotic cells, and hif1-α gene expression ↓ | [128] |
| CHD patients | Prebiotic | Chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) | Human | 2 g/day | 6 months | Blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, antioxidant levels, SOD and GSH ↑ ALT and AST ↓ Abundance of Faecalibacterium, Alistipes, and Escherichia ↑ Abundance of Bacteroides, Megasphaera, Roseburia, Prevotella, and Bifidobacterium ↓ Probiotic species Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, and Phascolarctobacterium ↑ |
[129] |
HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; TC/HDL-c ratio, total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio; LDL-c/HDL-c ratio, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio; ↓, the levels, size or abundance decreased; ↑, the levels, size or abundance increased.