Table 1.

Categorization of Myxobacterial-derived secondary metabolites based on their function.

Bioactive Compound	Chemical Structure	Classification	Myxobacterial sp.	Uses	References
Bioactive compounds exerting antimicrobial effect
Ajudazol		Depsipeptides	Chondromyces crocatus	Acts as inhibitor of mitochondrial electron transport. More effective against yeast and fungi.	[3,47,53]
Althiomycin		Polyketide, peptide	Myxococcus xanthus	Disrupts translocation of tRNA for peptide bond formation by peptidyltransferase. It is effective in treatment of injury and sepsis associated with Yersinia pestis infection.	[54]
Angiolactone		Furanone	Angiococcus sp.	Exhibits siderophore production which enables its antibacterial and antiproliferative activity.	[55]
Antalid		Depsipeptide	Polyangium sp.	NA	[56]
Aurachins E		Quinoline alkaloids	Stigmatella aurantiaca	Exhibits antimalarial activity (effective against Plasmodium falciparum).	[57]
Carolacton		Macrolactone	Sorangium cellulosum	Effective in regulating the growth of biofilm-producing microbes such as Streptococcus mutans and pneumococci.	[58]
Chlorotonil		Macrolactone	Sorangium cellulosum	Antibacterial and antimalarial activity.	[59]
Corallopyronin A		α-Pyrone	Corallococcus (Myxococcus) coralloides	Exhibits antibacterial action, effective in treating filariasis.	[60]
Corallorazine		Piperazine	Corallococcus coralloides	Exhibits antibacterial activity.	[61]
Crocacin		Depsipeptides	Chondromyces crocatus	Antibacterial. Inhibits electron transport system.	[62]
Cystobactamid		Peptide	Cystobacter sp.	Broad-spectrum antibacterial; topoisomerase (gyrase) inhibition.	[63]
Cytochromone		Polyketide, chromone	Proteus mirabilis	Essential in mitochondrial electron transport and intrinsic type II apoptosis.	[64]
Cystomanamide		Lipopeptide	Cystobacter fuscus	Exhibits strong antifungal and antibacterial activity.	[65]
Cystothiazol		Heterocyclic alkaloid	Cystobacter fuscus	Antifungal/cytostatic. Inhibits sub-mitochondrial NADH oxidation.	[66]
Disciformycin		Macrolide	Pyxidicoccus fallax	Exhibits antibacterial activity.	[67]
Enhygrolide A		Furanone	Enhygromyxa salina	Effective in inhibiting the growth of Arthrobacter crystallopoietes.	[68]
Etnangien		Polyketides	Sorangium cellulosum	Works as an inhibitor of eubacterial DNA polymerase.	[3,47,53]
Gulmirecin		Macrolide	Pyxidicoccus fallax	Exhibits antibacterial activity.	[69]
Haliangicin		Polyketide	Haliangium luteum	Effective against fungi Aspergillus niger and Fusarium sp. at very low concentrations of 6–12 µg/mL.	[70]
Hyalachelin		Catechol	Hyalangium minutum	Shows sidrophore, i.e., iron-chelating activity, and cytotoxic activity is minor.	[71]
Hyaladione		Quinone	Hyalangium minutum	Exhibits antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity.	[72]
Hyapyrroline		Polyketide, pyrrole	Hyalangium minutum	NA	[73]
Hyapyrone		Polyketide, pyrone	Hyalangium minutum	Exhibits weak antibacterial and antifungal activity.	[73]
p-Hydroxyacetophenone amide		Amide	Cystobacter ferrugineus	Shows marginal activity against microalgae (P. simplex).	[74]
1-Hydroxyphenazin-6-yl-a-Darabinofuranoside		Glycoside	Nannocystis pusilla	Exhibits weak antimicrobial activity.	[75]
Icumazol		Polyketide	Sorangium cellulosum	Effective antifungal. Inhibition of NADH oxidation.	[76]
Indiacen		Indole	Sandaracinus amylolyticus	Exhibits antibacterial and antifungal activity.	[77,78]
Indothiazinone		Indole	Ohtaekwangia kribbensis	Weak antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity.	[75]
Kulkenon		Macrolactone	Sorangium cellulosum	Exhibits antibacterial activity.	[79]
Leupyrrins		Macrolides	Sorangium cellulosum	Exhibits antibacterial activity.	[80]
Macyranone		Peptide	Cystobacter fuscus	Shows moderate cytotoxic activity; antiparasitic (L. donovani); proteasome inhibitor (CT-L activity).	[81]
Maltepolid		Macrolactone		Exhibits moderate cytotoxic activity.	[82]
Methyl indole-3-carboxylate		Indole	Sorangium cellulosum	NA	[75]
Melithiazols		Heterocyclic alkaloid	Archangium gephyra	Antibacterial. Inhibits NADH oxidation.	[83]
Microsclerodermin		Cyclic peptide	Microscleroderma, theonella	Exhibits antifungal activity, NF-kB inhibition and induction of apoptosis.	[84,85]
Myxalamids		Amide	Myxococcus xanthus	Exhibits antibacterial and antifungal activity; inhibits electron transport system.	[3,47,53]
Myxochelin		Peptide	Angiococcus disciformis	Shows siderophore production. Exhibits antibacterial, antitumor and antiproliferative activities: inhibits 5-lipoxygenase.	[86,87]
Myxocoumarin		Coumarin	Stigmatella aurantiaca	Exhibits antifungal activity.	[88]
Myxoprincomide		Peptide	Myxococcus xanthus	NA	[89,90,91]
Myxopyronin B		Peptide	Myxococcus fulvus	Effective in combating diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus.	[92]
Myxothiazol		Macrocyclic	Myxococcus fulvus	Inhibits mitochondrial cytochrome c reductase.	[3,47,53]
Myxovalargin		Lipopeptide	Myxococcus fulvus	Exhibits antibacterial activity against Micrococcus luteus and Corynebacterium Mediolanum. Disrupts memebrane integrity and aminoacyl-tRNA binding to site A during translation.	[93]
Myxovirescin		Macrocyclic	Myxococcus xanthus	Exhibits antibacterial activity. Blocks bacterial cell wall synthesis via interference in lipid-disaccharide pentapeptide polymerization, as well as targeting type II signal peptidase LspA.	[94,95]
Nannozinone		Pyrrolopyrazinoe	Nannocystis pusilla	Exhibits weak antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity.	[75]
Noricumazol		Polyketide	Sorangium cellulosum	Inhibits conductance of potassium channel KscA. Exhibits antiviral (EBOV, HCV) activity.	[76,96,97]
Phenoxan		Lipopeptide	Polyganium sp.	Effective as an inhibitor of eukaryotic respiratory chain (blocks Complex I). Exhibits antifungal activity.	[3,47,53]
Phoxalone		Macrolides	Sorangium cellulosum	Exhibits antimicrobial activity.	[98]
Pyrronazol		Pyrrole	Nannocystis pusilla	Shows weak antifungal activity.	[75]
Ripostatin B		Polyketide	Sorangium cellulosum	Effective in treating tuberculosis.	[99]
Roimatacene		Cyclic peptide	Cystobacter ferrugineus	Exhibits antibacterial activity.	[74]
Saframycin Mx1		α-cyanoamine	Myxococcus xanthus	Acts as a broad-spectrum inhibitor for a wide range of Gram-positive and halobacteria. Shows week activity against Gram-negative bacteria.	[3,47,53]
Salimyxin A and Salimabromide		Sterol, Furano lactone	Enhygromyxa salina	Effective against Arthrobacter cristallopoietes.	[100]
Sesqiterpene		Terpenes	Sorangium cellulosum	Exhibits antimicrobial activity.	[101,102]
Sorangicin		Macrolides	Sorangium cellulosum	Exhibits antimicrobial activity.	[82]
Sorangiadenosine		Macrolides	Sorangium cellulosum	Exhibits antimicrobial activity.	[101]
Soraphinol		Macrolides	Sorangium cellulosum	Exhibits antimicrobial activity.	[103]
Sorazinnone		Pyrazinone	Pyxidicoccus fallax	Siderophore production. Exhibits antibacterial activity.	[75]
Sorazolon		Indole	Sorangium cellulosum	Weak activity against Gram-positive bacteria.	[104]
Stigmatellin		Macrolactone	Stigmatella aurantica	Exhibits strong antifungal activity. Inhibits quinol oxidation of mitochondrial cytochrome bc1 complex.	[3,47,53]
Sulfangolid		Macrolactone	Sorangium cellulosum	Exhibits antiviral (HIV-1) activity.	[105,106]
Thuggacin		Macrolactone	Sorangium cellulosum	Effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.	[107,108]
	Bioactive compounds exerting cytotoxic effects
Aetheramide		Cyclic peptide	Atherobacter rufus	Shows cytotoxic and moderate antifungal activity.	[109,110,111]
Archazolid		Macrolactone	Archangium gephyra, Cystobacter violaceus	Exhibits cytotoxic and antitumor activity. Inhibits V-ATPase.	[112]
Argyrin		Peptolide	Archangium gephyra	Acts as a potential inhibitor of antibody formation by murine B-cells. Exhibits antibacterial and cytotoxic activity.	[113]
Bengamide		Caprolactam	Myxococcus virescens	Shows cytotoxic, antitumor, antibacterial and anthelmintic activity. Inhibits MetAP. Acts as an anti-inflammatory.	[114]
Chivosazol		Peptide	Sorangium cellulosum	Effective antifungal activity at higher concentration. Exhibits strong cytotoxic activity. Destroys cyto-skeleton.	[3,47,53]
Chrondramide		Depsipeptide	Chondromyces crocatus	Exhibits strong cytotoxic activity; effective against breast cancer metastasis.	[3,47,53]
Cystodienoic acid		Terpene	Cystobacter ferrugineus	Exhibits cytotoxic activity.	[115]
Disorazol		Peptide	Sorangium cellulosum	Exhibits strong antifungal activity; inhibits proliferation of different cancer cell lines.	[116]
Eliamid		polyketide	Sorangium cellulosum	Exhibits cytotoxic activity; shows moderate anthelmintic and antifungal activity; acts as a respiratory chain inhibitor.	[117]
Epothilone		Peptide	Sorangium cellulosum	Acts as an inhibitor of microtubule function concerning cell division.	[118]
Haliamide		Polyene	Haliangium ochraceum	Exhibits moderate cytotoxic activity.	[28]
Hyafurone		Polyketide, furanone	Hyalangium minutum	Exhibits moderate cytotoxic activity, as well as showing marginal antiparasitic activity.	[73]
Miuraenamide		cyclic depsipeptides	Paraliomyxa miuraensis	Exhibits antibacterial and cytotoxic activity.	[119]
Nannocystin		Macrocyclic epoxyamide	Nannocystis sp.	Exhibits strong antifungal and cytotoxic activity; inhibits eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1α.	[120,121]
Pellasoren		Polyketide	Sorangium cellulosum	Exhibits cytotoxic activity.	[51,122]
Ratjadone A		α-pyrone	Sorangium cellulosum	Acts as an antiviral drug. Inhibits HIV infection by ceasing the Rev/CRM1-mediated nuclear export.	[106]
Rhizopodin		Amide	Myxococcus stipitatus	Effective against cancer cell lines. Interferes with cytoskeleton assembly. Acts as a strong antiviral.	[3,123]
Spirangien		Polyketide	Sorangium cellulosum	Exhibits antifungal, cytotoxic, antiviral (HIV) and anti-inflamatory activity.	[124]
Tubulysin		Peptide	Archangium gephyra and Angiococcus disciformis	It has been found to be effective in treating the cancer associated with Luteinizing Hormone-releasing hormone receptor. Effective in cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase.	[125]
	Bioactive compounds exerting beneficial effects in agriculture
Ambruticin		Polyketide	Sorangium cellulosum	Acts as a fungicide, effective against Hansenula anomala and other plant pathogens such as Botrytis cinerea, via interference in osmoregulation system.	[126]
Pyrrolnitrin		Pyrrole	Myxococcus fulvus, Carallococcus exiguous, Cystobacter ferrugineus	Exhibits strong antifungal activity.	[3,47,53]
Tartrolon		Pilyketide	Sorangium cellulosum	Effective against Gram-positive bacteria and mammalian cells.	[127]
Thiangazol		Amide	Polyangium sp.	Exhibits strong antifungal, acaricidal and insecticidal activities, as well as having anti-HIV activity.	[128]
Soraphen A		Polyketide	Sorangium cellulosum	Effective as a plant disease control agent. Possesses strong antifungal activity. Acts as a broad-spectrum antiviral (effective against HIV and Hepatitis C Virus).	[129,130]