Table 3.

Summary of studies on riboflavin for adult migraine.

Study Design	N	Intervention	Comparison	Outcomes	Reference
Open label trial	44	Riboflavin 400 mg daily (23/44 received aspirin 75 mg daily)	N/A	A 68.2% improvement in migraine severity score, no difference between the aspirin-treated and non-aspirin-treated groups (p-value not reported)	Schoenen et al., 1994 [96]
RCT	55	400 mg daily	Placebo for three months (n = 27)	Riboflavin significantly reduced the frequency of seizures (p = 0.005) and the number of headache days (p = 0.012) when compared with the placebo group	Schoenen et al., 1998 [9]
Open label trial	26	400 mg daily vs. bisoprolol 10 mg daily or metoprolol 200 mg daily	N/A	Headache frequency was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) in both groups, but there was no difference between the two groups	Sándor et al., 2000 [97]
Open label trial	23	400 mg daily	N/A	Headache frequency significantly decreased from 4 days/month at baseline to 2 days/month at three and six months (p < 0.05)	Boehnke et al., 2004 [98]
Open label trial	64	400 mg daily	N/A	62.5% responded and haplotype H was associated with a reduced probability of responding to riboflavin (OR, 0.24; 95% confidence interval [0.08, 0.71])	Di Lorenzo et al., 2009 [99]
RCT	100	100 mg daily for at least three months	Propranolol 80 mg daily for at least three months (n = 50)	A greater reduction in migraine frequency in the propranolol group at one month (p < 0.001), but no difference between the groups at three and six months	Nambiar NJ et al., 2011 [11]
RCT	90	400 mg/day	Sodium valproate 500 mg/day	The frequency, median duration per month, and severity of headache decreased in both groups, but the difference between them was not significant (p > 0.05). However, the vitamin B2 group had significantly fewer side effects (p = 0.005).	Rahimd et al., 2015 [100]

RCT, randomized controlled trial; N/A, not available.