Table 3.
Methodological issues of studies about microbiome composition in cognition impairment—case controls.
| Country [References] |
N (% Women) Cases |
N (% Women) Controls |
Age Cases |
Age Controls | Cognitive Function Assessment/Diagnosis |
Cognitive Impairment | Microbiome Assessment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Japan [49] |
94 (85) | 34 (49) | 77, 74–82 |
76, 68–80 |
MMSE/CDR | Dementia | Fecal samples, bacterial 16 s rRNA Sequencing |
| Japan [50] |
61 (54) | 21 (48) | 77, 73–81 |
69, 61–76 |
MMSE/CDR | MCI | Fecal samples, bacterial 16 s rRNA Sequencing |
| USA [51] |
25 (72) | 25 (68) | 69 ± 7 | 71 ± 7 | CDR | AD | Fecal samples, bacterial 16 s rRNA Sequencing |
| Austria [53] |
23 (65) | 18 (61) | 88 | 75 | MMSE | Dementia | Fecal samples, bacterial 16 s rRNA Sequencing |
| China [54] |
32 (56) aMCI 33 (42) AD |
32 (50) | 70 ± 11 aMCI 75 ± 11 AD |
77 ± 9 | MMSE, CDR, MoCA | aMCI AD |
Fecal samples, bacterial 16 s rRNA Sequencing |
| Italy [52] |
40 (50) Amy+ 33 (52) Amy- |
10 (60) | 71 ± 7 Amy+ 70 ± 7 Amy- |
68 ± 8 | MMSE | AD (Amy+ Amy-) |
Fecal samples, qPCR Assay, StepOnePlus instrument |
Abbreviations: AD, Alzheimer’s Disease; aMCI, Amnestic MCI; Amy+, brain amyloidosis present; Amy-, brain amyloidosis absence; CDR, Clinical Dementia Rating; MCI, Mild Cognitive Impairment; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment.