Table 1.

Wheat production (aboveground, stalk and chaff biomasses), grain yield components (grain yield, grain number, ear number, grain weight, grain yield per ear, grain number per ear and harvest index), and plant height of sixty wheat genotypes grown under elevated CO₂ and high-temperature conditions.

Genotype	Grain Yield (g plant−1)			Above-Ground (g plant−1)			Stalk (g plant−1)			Chaff (g plant−1)			Height (cm plant−1)			Grain Number (No. plant−1)			Ear Number (No. plant−1)			Grain Weight (mg plant−1)			GYE (g ear−1)			GNE (No. ear−1)			HI
150	5.45	±	1.05	14.38	±	1.64	6.82	±	0.44	2.12	±	0.35	80.36	±	0.77	156.10	±	32.80	4.10	±	0.48	34.97	±	0.81	1.32	±	0.10	37.79	±	3.34	0.38	±	0.03
74	6.18	±	0.68	16.29	±	1.82	8.23	±	1.26	1.88	±	0.30	89.71	±	1.21	151.79	±	19.87	5.65	±	0.30	40.95	±	3.61	1.10	±	0.12	26.98	±	4.23	0.38	±	0.04
23	6.42	±	0.53	15.17	±	1.31	6.83	±	0.48	1.91	±	0.35	79.86	±	0.19	159.37	±	12.57	4.45	±	0.57	40.27	±	0.42	1.45	±	0.08	36.02	±	2.24	0.42	±	0.01
8	6.46	±	1.22	17.14	±	3.79	7.88	±	1.72	2.80	±	0.86	81.49	±	3.04	161.55	±	32.03	5.30	±	1.16	40.04	±	1.60	1.22	±	0.06	30.58	±	1.55	0.38	±	0.01
76	6.50	±	0.77	17.12	±	1.72	8.46	±	0.86	2.16	±	0.26	87.15	±	2.16	160.50	±	24.84	5.40	±	0.63	40.63	±	1.60	1.20	±	0.07	29.70	±	2.47	0.38	±	0.02
15	6.53	±	0.85	16.11	±	2.41	7.18	±	1.27	2.39	±	0.39	77.14	±	1.38	158.58	±	22.88	5.55	±	0.53	41.28	±	1.08	1.18	±	0.09	28.51	±	2.19	0.41	±	0.02
73	6.59	±	0.94	18.81	±	1.49	9.59	±	0.63	2.63	±	0.23	91.38	±	0.59	158.99	±	15.40	4.95	±	0.10	41.34	±	2.39	1.33	±	0.18	32.14	±	3.25	0.35	±	0.03
21	6.62	±	0.59	16.35	±	1.07	7.78	±	0.28	1.94	±	0.27	88.73	±	1.92	163.79	±	8.89	5.00	±	0.52	40.44	±	2.71	1.34	±	0.19	32.94	±	2.81	0.40	±	0.01
9	6.64	±	0.73	17.19	±	1.80	8.18	±	0.66	2.38	±	0.44	88.13	±	3.34	148.69	±	18.14	4.95	±	0.55	44.71	±	1.92	1.34	±	0.05	30.04	±	1.74	0.39	±	0.01
118	6.67	±	0.23	17.19	±	1.40	8.00	±	0.95	2.53	±	0.43	84.70	±	4.05	176.82	±	4.29	6.80	±	0.49	37.75	±	1.48	0.99	±	0.08	26.07	±	1.32	0.39	±	0.03
81	6.75	±	1.03	17.15	±	2.14	8.01	±	1.27	2.39	±	0.07	94.69	±	2.02	164.49	±	28.73	5.00	±	1.40	41.20	±	2.23	1.40	±	0.26	33.88	±	5.17	0.39	±	0.02
77	6.86	±	0.96	17.42	±	1.88	8.49	±	0.63	2.07	±	0.34	91.03	±	4.86	168.32	±	19.71	5.25	±	0.64	40.66	±	1.95	1.31	±	0.19	32.32	±	4.74	0.39	±	0.02
115	6.92	±	0.94	18.23	±	1.64	8.64	±	0.84	2.67	±	0.25	87.08	±	2.59	160.01	±	25.82	5.55	±	0.44	43.49	±	2.81	1.25	±	0.10	28.80	±	3.72	0.38	±	0.03
87	6.96	±	1.43	18.14	±	3.64	8.62	±	1.82	2.55	±	0.48	87.36	±	1.30	184.34	±	43.52	4.90	±	0.48	38.03	±	2.24	1.44	±	0.35	38.03	±	9.69	0.38	±	0.01
29	7.04	±	0.77	17.26	±	1.00	7.89	±	0.21	2.33	±	0.07	82.15	±	2.20	184.91	±	16.88	4.75	±	0.34	38.03	±	1.02	1.48	±	0.08	38.90	±	1.70	0.41	±	0.02
46	7.06	±	0.32	18.39	±	0.84	8.23	±	0.57	3.11	±	0.27	88.99	±	3.74	147.54	±	7.81	5.45	±	0.10	47.84	±	1.22	1.30	±	0.07	27.09	±	1.81	0.38	±	0.02
119	7.09	±	0.90	18.33	±	1.63	8.84	±	0.86	2.40	±	0.23	92.60	±	1.93	170.30	±	5.50	5.10	±	0.35	41.63	±	5.21	1.39	±	0.15	33.50	±	2.44	0.39	±	0.02
6	7.20	±	0.75	16.94	±	1.73	7.51	±	0.75	2.23	±	0.33	79.49	±	1.19	194.79	±	17.84	4.35	±	0.34	36.91	±	0.71	1.65	±	0.08	44.78	±	2.35	0.42	±	0.01
110	7.25	±	0.81	18.25	±	1.07	8.77	±	0.43	2.24	±	0.06	85.64	±	3.54	202.72	±	19.43	5.75	±	0.38	35.73	±	1.16	1.26	±	0.07	35.21	±	1.56	0.40	±	0.02
71	7.29	±	0.65	18.70	±	0.87	9.02	±	0.57	2.39	±	0.34	93.69	±	1.18	169.53	±	12.76	4.85	±	0.34	42.97	±	1.26	1.50	±	0.10	35.03	±	2.76	0.39	±	0.03
16	7.34	±	0.32	17.69	±	0.36	7.94	±	0.12	2.40	±	0.20	83.21	±	3.08	181.28	±	9.93	6.35	±	0.38	40.54	±	1.26	1.16	±	0.08	28.58	±	1.32	0.42	±	0.01
22	7.44	±	0.79	18.10	±	1.96	8.10	±	1.11	2.56	±	0.26	85.10	±	0.27	199.14	±	21.75	6.15	±	0.60	37.39	±	0.74	1.21	±	0.07	32.38	±	1.56	0.41	±	0.02
13	7.49	±	1.01	18.87	±	2.29	8.43	±	1.13	2.95	±	0.32	89.96	±	0.86	166.74	±	23.43	5.45	±	0.68	45.03	±	3.37	1.38	±	0.15	30.67	±	3.44	0.40	±	0.02
92	7.50	±	0.68	18.40	±	1.24	8.47	±	0.43	2.43	±	0.27	83.39	±	1.90	199.36	±	17.06	5.60	±	0.37	37.61	±	0.98	1.34	±	0.11	35.69	±	3.41	0.41	±	0.01
117	7.53	±	0.35	18.56	±	1.17	8.42	±	0.58	2.60	±	0.34	89.48	±	0.78	173.98	±	5.18	5.65	±	0.19	43.31	±	1.77	1.33	±	0.07	30.80	±	0.52	0.41	±	0.01
79	7.56	±	0.91	19.75	±	2.48	9.12	±	1.34	3.06	±	0.31	84.79	±	2.56	181.24	±	19.11	5.95	±	0.41	41.69	±	1.43	1.27	±	0.14	30.47	±	2.52	0.38	±	0.02
33	7.60	±	1.35	21.98	±	0.67	10.76	±	0.66	3.61	±	0.47	85.28	±	4.74	168.38	±	37.34	5.65	±	0.41	45.58	±	3.37	1.36	±	0.30	30.02	±	7.23	0.35	±	0.06
69	7.66	±	1.50	17.81	±	2.54	7.63	±	0.89	2.51	±	0.45	79.86	±	2.44	193.14	±	28.90	6.35	±	0.85	39.48	±	1.79	1.21	±	0.20	30.62	±	4.64	0.43	±	0.03
31	7.71	±	1.26	18.71	±	2.69	8.27	±	1.09	2.73	±	0.36	87.35	±	3.87	177.91	±	29.82	6.50	±	1.16	43.38	±	2.12	1.20	±	0.17	27.52	±	3.13	0.41	±	0.01
19	7.73	±	0.66	19.04	±	1.21	8.74	±	0.58	2.57	±	0.10	87.91	±	3.11	193.25	±	3.79	5.10	±	0.38	40.03	±	3.77	1.52	±	0.11	38.04	±	2.65	0.41	±	0.01
114	7.75	±	0.32	20.64	±	1.03	10.42	±	0.53	2.46	±	0.37	100.68	±	3.35	214.96	±	15.27	5.65	±	0.34	36.11	±	1.47	1.37	±	0.04	38.03	±	0.75	0.38	±	0.01
97	7.79	±	0.35	19.89	±	1.06	9.42	±	0.50	2.68	±	0.35	88.10	±	3.37	213.71	±	8.05	6.55	±	0.19	36.49	±	2.51	1.19	±	0.06	32.67	±	2.01	0.39	±	0.01
113	7.79	±	0.87	20.01	±	2.47	9.91	±	1.27	2.31	±	0.39	90.13	±	4.00	237.19	±	44.64	6.40	±	1.02	33.16	±	2.30	1.22	±	0.06	36.96	±	1.32	0.39	±	0.01
25	7.81	±	0.47	18.72	±	1.04	8.22	±	0.64	2.69	±	0.16	83.50	±	4.10	197.07	±	12.53	5.60	±	0.28	39.63	±	0.68	1.40	±	0.10	35.23	±	2.36	0.42	±	0.02
18	7.83	±	1.28	19.61	±	2.49	8.82	±	1.01	2.97	±	0.61	87.00	±	2.85	202.67	±	31.10	5.75	±	0.98	38.62	±	2.16	1.37	±	0.13	35.37	±	2.38	0.40	±	0.04
70	7.84	±	1.17	19.75	±	3.23	8.98	±	1.72	2.93	±	0.73	93.44	±	3.93	220.48	±	43.49	5.85	±	1.23	35.89	±	3.65	1.37	±	0.24	37.98	±	4.14	0.40	±	0.04
63	7.89	±	0.82	20.21	±	1.54	9.23	±	0.77	3.09	±	0.31	85.29	±	2.36	215.34	±	14.60	6.00	±	0.43	36.59	±	1.61	1.32	±	0.10	35.96	±	2.46	0.39	±	0.03
105	7.91	±	0.89	18.50	±	1.33	8.21	±	0.60	2.38	±	0.12	82.40	±	2.10	207.79	±	28.23	4.40	±	0.00	38.17	±	1.69	1.80	±	0.20	47.22	±	6.42	0.43	±	0.02
88	8.00	±	0.78	20.27	±	1.31	9.21	±	0.79	3.05	±	0.23	87.35	±	2.97	200.75	±	19.37	5.25	±	0.34	39.88	±	1.76	1.53	±	0.22	38.35	±	4.41	0.39	±	0.02
93	8.01	±	1.51	20.01	±	3.21	9.01	±	1.47	2.99	±	0.53	88.54	±	1.84	192.90	±	23.42	5.70	±	0.60	41.28	±	3.34	1.40	±	0.17	33.84	±	1.97	0.40	±	0.03
35	8.02	±	1.11	21.93	±	2.59	10.30	±	1.39	3.61	±	0.59	87.33	±	1.71	195.70	±	8.82	4.90	±	0.62	40.91	±	4.55	1.63	±	0.02	40.28	±	3.92	0.37	±	0.03
4	8.06	±	0.63	18.18	±	0.90	7.45	±	0.38	2.67	±	0.05	85.81	±	1.84	219.29	±	9.45	6.25	±	0.19	36.71	±	1.34	1.29	±	0.08	35.09	±	1.15	0.44	±	0.02
26	8.12	±	0.44	20.35	±	1.49	9.58	±	0.91	2.65	±	0.24	87.34	±	1.58	204.17	±	6.84	6.05	±	0.41	39.77	±	0.95	1.34	±	0.03	33.81	±	1.15	0.40	±	0.01
48	8.15	±	0.43	20.28	±	1.18	9.34	±	0.76	2.79	±	0.28	90.09	±	4.08	185.85	±	20.06	6.35	±	0.47	44.08	±	2.62	1.29	±	0.10	29.31	±	2.95	0.40	±	0.01
99	8.19	±	0.63	20.80	±	1.14	9.62	±	0.23	3.00	±	0.52	88.19	±	1.78	238.56	±	11.01	5.50	±	0.26	34.34	±	2.81	1.49	±	0.10	43.39	±	1.40	0.39	±	0.02
53	8.19	±	0.72	20.25	±	1.45	8.78	±	0.76	3.27	±	0.33	82.55	±	1.55	221.46	±	14.92	6.40	±	0.33	36.96	±	0.85	1.28	±	0.12	34.65	±	2.60	0.40	±	0.02
59	8.24	±	1.32	20.47	±	2.57	9.20	±	1.02	3.03	±	0.33	86.99	±	0.61	192.70	±	29.26	5.95	±	0.70	42.73	±	1.07	1.38	±	0.10	32.33	±	1.78	0.40	±	0.01
83	8.28	±	0.56	21.10	±	2.28	9.70	±	1.19	3.12	±	0.58	85.04	±	7.27	216.33	±	16.38	5.70	±	0.84	38.31	±	0.37	1.47	±	0.23	38.52	±	6.17	0.39	±	0.02
10	8.31	±	0.98	19.66	±	2.19	8.43	±	0.97	2.92	±	0.33	82.31	±	2.65	226.90	±	26.78	5.40	±	0.78	36.71	±	2.78	1.55	±	0.15	42.14	±	1.38	0.42	±	0.02
65	8.35	±	0.89	20.65	±	2.87	9.13	±	1.67	3.17	±	0.54	91.61	±	5.93	217.74	±	8.02	6.30	±	0.62	38.29	±	2.87	1.33	±	0.16	34.81	±	3.61	0.41	±	0.03
42	8.51	±	0.65	21.34	±	1.32	9.34	±	0.87	3.49	±	0.22	88.88	±	0.71	250.79	±	12.25	6.80	±	0.52	33.91	±	1.12	1.25	±	0.09	36.96	±	1.86	0.40	±	0.02
107	8.56	±	1.37	20.33	±	3.43	9.10	±	1.42	2.68	±	0.74	84.05	±	2.79	249.29	±	47.63	5.75	±	0.50	34.48	±	1.63	1.49	±	0.16	43.14	±	5.03	0.42	±	0.01
11	8.65	±	0.21	20.15	±	0.90	8.78	±	0.72	2.72	±	0.21	86.24	±	2.95	232.13	±	13.49	6.30	±	0.62	37.33	±	1.50	1.38	±	0.11	36.96	±	1.64	0.43	±	0.02
58	8.70	±	0.81	21.47	±	2.01	9.85	±	0.82	2.92	±	0.56	86.29	±	1.27	247.08	±	13.25	5.90	±	0.50	35.16	±	1.55	1.48	±	0.08	41.99	±	2.19	0.41	±	0.02
5	8.76	±	1.17	22.09	±	2.40	9.88	±	0.86	3.46	±	0.40	84.75	±	1.54	238.93	±	21.61	6.80	±	0.59	36.60	±	3.13	1.28	±	0.09	35.13	±	0.78	0.40	±	0.01
43	8.97	±	0.99	20.86	±	1.66	8.64	±	0.77	3.26	±	0.13	89.44	±	1.97	232.37	±	31.09	5.65	±	0.25	38.77	±	3.25	1.58	±	0.12	41.12	±	5.22	0.43	±	0.02
94	8.99	±	0.68	21.36	±	1.95	9.59	±	1.18	2.79	±	0.28	94.06	±	3.87	226.96	±	24.88	6.00	±	0.59	39.71	±	1.44	1.50	±	0.12	37.88	±	3.00	0.42	±	0.02
95	9.00	±	0.66	21.73	±	2.01	9.59	±	1.04	3.14	±	0.44	85.65	±	3.43	231.89	±	18.72	6.15	±	1.00	38.84	±	1.48	1.48	±	0.15	38.15	±	3.88	0.41	±	0.01
61	9.03	±	0.71	22.21	±	1.52	10.27	±	1.23	2.92	±	0.72	85.68	±	1.24	259.49	±	13.43	5.90	±	0.62	34.75	±	1.25	1.53	±	0.09	44.23	±	3.49	0.41	±	0.01
41	9.68	±	0.85	23.25	±	1.59	9.80	±	0.73	3.78	±	0.22	82.73	±	3.39	252.73	±	27.81	7.25	±	0.44	38.38	±	1.53	1.33	±	0.05	34.82	±	2.47	0.42	±	0.01
Mean	7.66	±	1.12	19.16	±	2.51	8.78	±	1.20	2.72	±	0.55	86.82	±	4.88	197.01	±	36.05	5.67	±	0.84	39.26	±	3.68	1.36	±	0.19	34.99	±	5.63	0.40	±	0.03
Min	4.63			13.13			5.99			1.54		76.35				116.39		3.20				29.73	0.89			19.40				0.26
Max	10.70			25.50			12.21			4.42		105.30				315.33		8.20				48.93	1.96			54.02				0.46
Q1	6.96			17.58			7.95			2.36		83.80				171.31		5.00				36.87	1.24			31.23				0.39
Q3	8.43			21.03			9.65			3.04		89.75				221.81		6.20				41.23	1.48			38.22				0.42
Skewness	−0.02			0.02			0.14			0.37		0.41				0.27		0.09				0.36	0.29			0.32				−0.7
Kurtosis	−0.25			−0.23			−0.28			−0.08		0.51				−0.10		−0.06				−0.10	0.27			0.27				2.68
p-value	4.08 × 10−11			8.82 × 10−12			6.67 × 10−10			8.18 × 10−17		6.38 × 10−30				2.85 × 10−25		1.37 × 10−16				2.85 × 10−28	4.72 × 10−14			2.32 × 10−28				5.22 × 10−6

GNE: grain number ear-1; GYE: grain yield ear-1; HI: harvest index; Max: maximum; Min: minimum; Q1 and Q3: first and third quartile. For each genotype, values represent the mean ± standard deviation (SD) of four replicates (n = 4). Genotypes are ranked according to the increasing mean of grain yield. Within columns, all genotypes and replicates (N = 240) were employed for the calculation of the total mean ± SD (Mean), Skewness and Kurtosis. Statistical significance (p-value) was calculated by multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA).