. 2021 Aug 2;13(8):2682. doi: 10.3390/nu13082682

Table 2.

Clinical characteristics and anthropometric parameters (2A), body composition parameters (2B), hematology (2C), biochemistry (2D), cardiometabolic (CVD) risk factors (2E), hormonal (2F) and leucocyte telomere length (LTL) (2G) measurements in all subjects with “good compliance” (n = 407), at initial and annual assessment.

A. anthropometry	Initial assessment	Annual assessment	P_{between timepoints}
Age (years)	10.14 ± 0.13	11.23 ± 0,15	<0.01
Body weight (kg)	55.99 ± 0.95	58.61 ± 1.03 *	<0.01
Height (cm)	143.95 ± 0.77	150.02 ± 0.82 *	<0.01
BMI (kg/m²)	25.91 ± 0.22	25.06 ± 0.24 *	<0.01
BMI z-score	2.25 ± 0.06	1.72 ± 0.06 *	<0.01
SBP (mmHg)	111.62 ± 0.62	112.05 ± 0.77	NS
DBP (mmHg)	65.75 ± 0.52	67.04 ± 0.58	NS
Waist (cm)	81.41 ± 0.65	83.37 ± 0.92	NS
Hip (cm)	87.95 ± 0.75	91.51 ± 0.93	NS
Waist to Hip ratio	0.94 ± 0.01	0.91 ± 0.01	NS
Waist to Height ratio	0.57 ± 0.01	0.55 ± 0.01 *	<0.01
B. Body composition	Initial assessment	Annual assessment	P_{between timepoints}
Fat Percentage (%)	34.09 ± 0.31	32.57 ± 0.32 *	<0.01
Fat Mass (kg)	19.92 ± 0.46	19.94 ± 0.47	NS
Muscle Mass (kg)	34.45 ± 0.52	37.23 ± 0.32 *	<0.01
Bone mass (kg)	1.88 ± 0.03	2.02 ± 0.03 *	<0.01
Fat Free Mass (kg)	36.33 ± 0.55	37.23 ± 0.54 *	<0.01
Total Body Water (kg)	26.60 ± 0.40	28.73 ± 0.42 *	<0.01
BMR (kJ)	6171.22 ± 59.48	6382.51 ± 62.21	NS
C. Hematology	Initial assessment	Annual assessment	P_{between timepoints}
WBC	7.43 ± 0.09	7.28 ± 0.10 *	<0.05
RBC	5.02 ± 0.03	5.12 ± 0.11	NS
Hb	12.88 ± 0.10	13.03 ± 0.06 *	<0.01
Hct	40.56 ± 0.17	40.67 ± 0.16	NS
PLT	299.21 ± 2.99	287.54 ± 3.37 *	<0.01
ESR	18.18 ± 0.63	17.14 ± 0.64	NS
Ferritin	58.66 ± 1.77	54.29 ± 1.69 *	<0.01
Folic Acid	13.17 ± 0.41	9.88 ± 0.36 *	<0.01
D. Biochemistry	Initial assessment	Annual assessment	P_{between timepoints}
Urea	28.69 ± 0.29	28.36 ± 0.33	NS
Creatinine	0.49 ± 0.01	0.52 ± 0.01 *	<0.01
Uric Acid	5.45 ± 0.62	5.15 ± 0.26	NS
K	4.41 ± 0.02	4.40 ± 0.05	NS
Na	137.73 ± 0.86	138.32 ± 0.84	NS
Cl	103.57 ± 0.47	101.53 ± 1.24	NS
AST	23.54 ± 0.28	22.39 ± 0.32 *	<0.01
ALT	20.50 ± 0.53	18.98 ± 0.43 *	<0.01
γGT	13.86 ± 0.26	13.34 ± 0.25 *	<0.01
Albumin	4.71 ± 0.02	4.61 ± 0.02 *	<0.01
ALP	232.13 ± 3.80	220.07 ± 4.25 *	<0.01
PO4	4.82 ± 0.10	4.83 ± 0.15	NS
Ca	10.04 ± 0.20	9.80 ± 0.02 *	<0.01
E. CVD risk factors	Initial assessment	Annual assessment	P_{between timepoints}
Cholesterol	153.08 ± 1.64	154.22 ± 1.71	NS
Triglycerides	77.72 ± 1.82	78.64 ± 2.15	NS
HDL	52.46 ± 0.63	54.07 ± 0.71 *	<0.01
LDL	90.37 ± 1.16	87.15 ± 1.20 *	<0.01
ApoA1	139.14 ± 1.13	142.80 ± 1.18 *	<0.05
ApoB	73.31 ± 0.81	70.98 ± 0.83 *	<0.01
Lp(a)	15.58 ± 1.02	15.12 ± 1.22	NS
Glucose	78.67 ± 0.42	80.81 ± 0.36 *	<0.01
HbA1c	5.25 ± 0.01	5.21 ± 0.01 *	<0.01
HbA1	5.98 ± 0.02	5.99 ± 0.02 *	<0.01
HOMA-IR	3.02 ± 0.11	3.10 ± 0.10	NS
QUICKI	0.34 ± 0.01	0.33 ± 0.01 *	<0.01
F. Hormones	Initial assessment	Annual assessment	P_{between timepoints}
TSH	2.91 ± 0.07	2.93 ± 0.09	NS
FT4	1.49 ± 0.29	1.61 ± 0.51	NS
T3	143.38 ± 1.28	138.42 ± 1.58 *	<0.01
AntiTG	21.96 ± 0.69	27.57 ± 3.34	NS
AntiTPO	23.37 ± 4.29	24.98 ± 5.42	NS
IGF1	306.18 ± 7.81	384.02 ± 10.17 *	<0.01
IGBP3	5.02 ± 0.05	5.69 ± 0.37	NS
PRL	11.47 ± 0.29	12.50 ± 0.35 *	<0.01
LH	2.18 ± 0.24	3.06 ± 0.21 *	<0.01
FSH	2.62 ± 0.09	3.26 ± 0.13 *	<0.01
ACTH	30.79 ± 2.95	28.82 ± 1.10	NS
Cortisol	14.00 ± 0.40	13.11 ± 0.30 *	<0.01
PTH	34.64 ± 0,61	35.70 ± 0.61	NS
25OHVitD	24.41 ± 0.78	25.24 ± 0.95	NS
Insulin	15.26 ± 0.50	15.40 ± 0.52	NS
SHBG	51.90 ± 1.62	50.97 ± 1.67	NS
G. LTL	Initial assessment	Annual assessment	P_{between timepoints}
LTL	1.35 ± 0.01	1.41 ± 0.01 *	<0.01

All results are presented as mean ± SE. All measured variables were compared by employing repeated-measures ANOVA. Significant main effects were revealed by the LSD posthoc test. Statistical significance was set at (p < 0.05), while strong significance (p < 0.01) is also noted. NS: nonsignificant (p > 0.05) difference. *: Indicates significant difference between baseline and the 12 months follow-up, timepoint.