Table 2.
General characteristics of the mothers and corresponding breast milk OPN (Osteopontin) levels.
| General Characteristics | n (%) | OPN, mg/L (Mean ± SD) |
p 1 | p 2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 85 (100.0) | 137.1 ± 56.8 | ||
| Age groups | ||||
| 19–24 years | 20 (23.5) | 137.8 ± 65.8 | - | 0.334 |
| 25–29 years | 22 (25.9) | 141.4 ± 53.8 | ||
| 30–34 years | 17 (20.0) | 153.6 ± 49.3 | ||
| 35–39 years | 26 (30.6) | 121.9 ± 55.9 | ||
| Age, mean± sd | 30.2 ± 6.0 | |||
| Birth method | ||||
| Cervical vaginal route | 52 (61.2) | 160.6 ± 48.8 | <0.001 ** | - |
| Cesarean section | 33 (38.8) | 99.9 ± 48.5 | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) classification | ||||
| Pre-pregnancy | ||||
| <18.5 (underweight) | 5 (5.9) | 140.6 ± 37.9 | - | 0.108 |
| 18.5–24.9 (optimal) | 51 (60.0) | 143.6 ± 53.6 | ||
| 25.0–29.9 (overweight) | 21 (24.7) | 111.9 ± 56.8 | ||
| ≥30 (obese) | 8 (9.4) | 159.1 ± 73.5 | ||
| BMI, mean ± sd | 23.6 ± 3.3 | |||
| Postpartum/Lactation (3rd month) | ||||
| <18.5 (underweight) | - | - | - | <0.001 ** |
| 18.5–24.9 (optimal) | 39 (45.9) | 156.4 ± 46.2 a | ||
| 25.0–29.9 (overweight) | 31 (36.5) | 140.8 ± 61.2 a | ||
| ≥30 (obese) | 15 (17.6) | 78.9 ± 28.8 b | ||
| BMI, mean± sd | 25.8 ± 3.8 | |||
| Weight gain during pregnancy | ||||
| Insufficient | 20 (23.5) | 158.2 ± 40.3 a | - | 0.020 * |
| Adequate | 24 (28.) | 149.0 ± 60.4 a | ||
| Excessive | 41 (48.2) | 119.8 ± 57.4 b | ||
| Smoking status | ||||
| Pre-pregnancy | ||||
| Yes | 34 (40.0) | 102.0 ± 41.4 | <0.001 ** | - |
| No | 51 (60.0) | 160.4 ± 53.8 | ||
| Pregnancy | ||||
| Yes | 14 (16.5) | 103.1 ± 50.6 | 0.013 * | - |
| No | 71 (83.5) | 143.8 ± 55.9 | ||
| Postpartum/Lactation | ||||
| Yes | 13 (15.3) | 98.3 ± 49.2 | 0.007 * | - |
| No | 72 (84.7) | 144.1 ± 55.5 | ||
p1; independent samples t-test, p 2; ANOVA test, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.001. a,b; A statistically significant difference between binary groups is expressed by different lower-case letters (p; independent samples t-test).