Table 2.
Effect of conductive nano-construct on cell viability and proliferation.
| Category | Conductive Construct | Mechanical Properties | Electrical Properties | Cell Line | Cellular Response |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carbon NMs | Decellularised pericardium ECM, MWCNTs hydrogels [89] |
G’ = 229.25 Pa, G” = 150 Pa | Four-probe technique, σ = 15 × 10−3 S/cm | HL-1 | Three-folds increase in the proliferation rate, enhanced expression of Cx43 and α-actinin |
| PU/chitosan/ CNT membranes [83] |
UTS = 21.9 MPa, E = 4.34 Mpa | Four-probe technique, R = 0.17 kΩ/sq | HUVECs, H9c2 | High cell viability | |
| rGO foams [90] | G’ = 8 kPa | Two-probe Keithley meter, σ = 112 S/m | Neonatal rat CMs | 3D organisation of CMs within the porous foam | |
| Collagen/CNFs nanocomposites [92] | Mechanical strength = 3.5 N | - | H9c2 | Good cell viability, enhanced expression of α-actinin. | |
| Metallic NMs | Thiol-HEMA/ GNPs hybrid hydrogels [96] |
E = 0.6 MPa | Keithley electrometer, σ = 15.3 S/m | CMs | Increased viability after electrical stimulation |
| GelMA/GNRs hydrogels [52] |
E = 3.6 kPa | Electrochemical workstation, Z = 1 kΩ at 105 Hz | CMs | Enhanced cell retention, high viability, elevated expression of Cx43, α-actinin | |
| Gold NPs/porcine cholecyst derived ECM [97] |
- | - | H9c2 | High cell viability, good proliferation rate |
Abbreviations: NMs: nanomaterials, MWCNTs: multi-wall carbon nanotube, ECM: extracellular matrix, G’: shear storage modulus, G”: shear loss modulus, σ: electrical conductivity, PU: polyurethane, UTS: ultimate tensile strength, E: elastic modulus, R: electrical resistance, HUVECs: human umbilical vein endothelial cells, rGO: reduced graphene oxide, CMs: cardiomyocytes, CNF: carbon nanofibers, HEMA: hydroxyethyl methacrylate, GNPs: gold nanoparticles, GNR: gold nanorods, GelMA: gelatin methacrylate, Z: impedance.