Table 3.

Merits and disadvantages of MMM fabrication processes.

MMM Fabrication Process	Merits	Disadvantages	References
Phase inversion	Simple process Economic	Difficult to produce a pinhole-free membrane	[170,171,172]
Interfacial polymerization	Produces a thin active layer with high flux of permeation and desired impurity rejection Defect-free Easy to scale up	Mainly depends on the properties of the monomer, so appropriate monomer selection is a crucial point	[173]
Electrospinning	Fabricates a membrane with high porosity, larger surface area, and outstanding pore interconnectivity. A mechanically stable membrane can be fabricated	Requires high voltage Uses a solvent Solubility issue for some polymers in a low-boiling-point solvent.	[174]