Table 1.

Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 infection in different non-human primate species.

NHP Species	General Status	Viral Replication and Shedding	Histopathological Changes	Impact of Age on Disease	Immune Responses after Challenge	Reference
Common Marmoset	Inconstant and slight fever	Transient and low levels of viral RNA in swab samples	None	N/A	No virus-specific antibodies	[23]
Cynomolgus Macaques	Fever and body weight loss, chest radiography abnormalities	High and persistent levels of viral RNA in respiratory tract, fecal shedding and viral presence in digestive tract and spleen	Diffuse alveolar damage	Higher and more persistent viral titers	Virus-specific antibodies with neutralizing activity, T cell responses	[21,25,29]
Rhesus Macaques	Altered general status, fever, body weight loss and severe chest radiography abnormalities	Viral titer in respiratory tract, fecal shedding, viral presence in digestive and urinary tracts	Diffuse alveolar damage, mild changes in spleen and lymph nodes	More severe chest radiography abnormalities, higher viral titers in respiratory tract and severe interstitial pneumonia. Transcription dysregulation of inflammatory pathways and delayed cytokine storm	Virus-specific antibodies with neutralizing activity, T cell responses	[23,25,26,28,29]
African Green monkeys	Transient fever and loss of appetite, mild decrease of partial O2 pressure, possibility of digestive disease	Viral titers in respiratory tract and prolonged fecal shedding	Diffuse alveolar damage to severe interstitial pneumonia	Increased inflammatory cytokines, pathological lesions in lungs characteristic of ARDS	Virus-specific antibodies with neutralizing activity, T cell responses	[19,28,29]
Baboons	Body weight loss	Long-term viral persistence in respiratory tract and prolonged fecal shedding	Diffuse alveolar damage and interstitial pneumonia, rhinitis and tracheitis	Higher and more persistent viral titers	N/A	[23]

N/A: not available; ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome.