Table 4.
NHP preclinical evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines that have reached phase 3 of clinical studies.
| Vaccine Manufacturer |
Vaccine Platform | NHP Species Used in Preclinical Studies | Phase 3 Clinical Studies | Immune Responses Elicited by Vaccination in Preclinical and Clinical Studies * |
Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PiCoVacc/CoronaVac Sinovac | Inactivated | RhM | NCT04456595 669/UN6.KEP/EC/2020 NCT04582344 NCT04617483 | IgG, NAb | [94,108] |
| BBV152/COVAXIN Bharat Biotech | Inactivated | RhM |
NCT04641481 CTRI/2020/11/028976 |
IgG, NAb | [96,109,110] |
| BBIBP-CorV Beijing Institute of Biological Products/Sinopharm |
Inactivated | RhM/ CyM |
ChiCTR2000034780 NCT04560881 | NAb | [101,111] |
| Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Institute of Medical Biology + Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences |
Inactivated | RhM | NCT04659239 | IgG, NAb, T cells (IFNγ) |
[102,112] |
| ChAdOx1 nCov-19 University of Oxford/AstraZeneca | Non-replicating viral vector (ChAdOx1-S) | RhM | ISRCTN89951424 NCT04516746 NCT04540393 CTRI/2020/08/027170 | IgG, NAb, T cells (IFNγ) |
[99,113] |
| Ad26.COV2.S Janssen Pharmaceutical |
Non-replicating viral vector (Ad26) | RhM | NCT04505722 NCT04614948 | NAb, Th1 | [106,114] |
| mRNA-1273 Moderna/NIAID |
RNA-based | RhM | NCT04470427 | IgG, NAb, TCD4 (Th1), Tfh | [103,115] |
| BNT162b2 BioNTech/Fosun Pharma/Pfizer |
RNA-based | RhM | NCT04368728 | IgG, NAb, TCD4 (IFNγ, IL-2, TNFα), TCD8 (IFNγ) |
[100,116] |
| CVnCoV CureVac AG |
RNA-based | RhM | NCT04674189 | IgG, NAb, T cells (IFNγ) |
[107,117] |
| INO-4800 InovioPharmaceuticals/International Vaccine Institute |
DNA-based | RhM | NCT04642638 | IgG, NAb, T cells (IFNγ, TNFα) |
[95,97] |
| NVX CoV2373 Novavax |
Protein subunit |
CyM/ Baboon |
2020-004123-16 NCT04611802 | IgG, NAb, TCD4 (IFNγ, IL-2, TNFα) |
[98,104,118] |
| SCB-2019 Clover Biopharmaceuticals/GSK/ Dynavax |
Protein subunit |
RhM | NCT04672395 | IgG, NAb | [105,119] |
| ZF2001 Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical + Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences |
Protein subunit |
CyM/RhM | NCT04646590 | IgG, NAb, T cells (IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4) |
[120,121] |
Ad: Adenovirus; RhM: Rhesus Macaque; CyM: Cynomolgus Macaques; IgG: Immunoglobulin G, NAb: Neutralizing Antibodies, TCD4: CD4+ T-lymphocytes, TCD8: CD8+ T-lymphocytes, Th1: CD4+ T-lymphocytes helper type 1. * The immune responses elicited by vaccination listed in Table 4 are those described in the original reports, although we cannot rule out that other immune responses were induced, but were not assessed in these studies.