Table 2.
Concentrations of amoxicillin, enrofloxacin, and neomycin reported in surface waters worldwide.
| Pharmaceuticals /Location |
Number of Detect (Total n) |
LOQ (µg/L) | Concentration (µg/L) | Reference | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | Min. | Max. | ||||
| Amoxicillin | ||||||
| Africa | ||||||
| Ghana | ||||||
| Kumasi region (Rivers) |
–(39) | - | - | <LOQ | 0.0027 | Azanu et al. [16] |
| Asia | ||||||
| India | ||||||
| Yamuna River | 4 (7) | - | 0.18 | - | - | Velpandian et al. [60] |
| Korea | ||||||
| Four Major River water a | 0 (40) | 0.00442 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | NIER [58] |
| Turkey | ||||||
| Buyukcekmece Lake | 2 (5) | 0.0015 | 0.00291 b | <LOQ | 0.00400 | Aydin and Talinli [17] |
| Karasu River | 5 (5) | 0.0015 | 0.0214 b | 0.00389 | 0.0639 | Aydin and Talinli [17] |
| Tahtakopru River | 4 (5) | 0.0015 | 0.00635 b | <LOQ | 0.0142 | Aydin and Talinli [17] |
| Hamza River | 4 (5) | 0.0015 | 0.0123 b | <LOQ | 0.0573 | Aydin and Talinli [17] |
| Ahlat River | 5 (5) | 0.0015 | 0.0406 b | 0.00640 | 1.654 | Aydin and Talinli [17] |
| Beylikcayi River | 5 (5) | 0.0015 | 0.0138 b | 0.00280 | 0.0336 | Aydin and Talinli [17] |
| Europe | ||||||
| France | ||||||
| Seine River | - | 0.0392 | 0.068 | - | - | Dinh et al. [61] |
| Italy | ||||||
| River Po and Arno | 0 (8) | <0.001 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | Calamari et al. [18] |
| River Arno (Castelfranco) |
4 (4) | <0.00208 | 0.00557 | 0.00357 | 0.00991 | Zuccato et al. [8] |
| River Arno (Limite sull’Arno) |
- | <0.00208 | 0.00377 | - | - | Zuccato et al. [8] |
| River Arno (Pisa) | - | <0.00208 | 0.00991 | - | - | Zuccato et al. [8] |
| River Po (Monticelli PV) |
- | <0.00208 | <0.00208 | - | - | Zuccato et al. [8] |
| Oceania | ||||||
| South-East Queensland, drinking water | 0 (20) | 0.020 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | Watkinson et al. [7] |
| South-East Queensland, environmental water | 29 (98) | 0.020 | <LOQ | <LOQ | 0.2 | Watkinson et al. [7] |
| Enrofloxacin | ||||||
| Asia | ||||||
| China | ||||||
| Chentaizi drainage River | 3 (4) | 0.0001 | 0.0044 | ND | 0.0112 | Gao et al. [22] |
| Dagu drainage River | 1 (6) | 0.0001 | 0.0002 | ND | 0.0012 | Gao et al. [22] |
| Duliujian River | 2 (2) | 0.0001 | 0.0041 | 0.002 | 0.0062 | Gao et al. [22] |
| Guangzhou –Tap water | –(10) | 0.00028 | 0.002 b | ND | 0.0083 | Yiruhan et al. [62] |
| Haihe River | 4 (9) | 0.0001 | 0.0004 | ND | 0.001 | Gao et al. [22] |
| Haihe River, tributary | 2 (6) | 0.0001 | 0.0012 | ND | 0.0051 | Gao et al. [22] |
| Huangpu River | 2 (38) | 0.01134 | <LOQ | ND | <LOQ | Jiang et al. [23] |
| Huangpu River | 5 (13) | - | 0.0028 | ND | 0.0146 | Chen and Zhou [63] |
| Nansha River | 12 (12) | 0.001 | 0.00867 | 0.003 | 0.02 | Shao et al. [64] |
| Qiantang River, Hangzhou | 2 (2) | 0.027 | 0.0146 | 0.0105 | 0.0187 | Tong et al. [65] |
| River discharging to Laizhou Bay | 13 (23) | 0.005 | 0.0106 | ND | 0.0246 | Zhang et al. [66] |
| River in Shandong province | 12 (25) | 0.00133 | 0.00274 | 0.0002 | 0.0522 | Hanna et al. [67] |
| Shahu county, Jianghan | 19 (20) | 0.00145 d | 0.02457 | 0.00017 | 0.136 | Yao et al. [68] |
| Tai Lake | 6 (101) | - | 0.00508 | - | 0.183 | Song et al. [24] |
| Yangtz estuary | 4 (28) | 0.00168 | - | ND | 0.00477 | Yan et al. [69] |
| India | ||||||
| Isakavagu-Nakkavagu Rivers | 4 (5) | 0.01 | 0.064 b | ND | 30 | Fick et al. [13] |
| Korea | ||||||
| 4 Major Rivers a | 5 (40) | 0.010 | 0.0608 c | <LOQ | 0.188 | NIER [70] |
| 4 Major Rivers a | 1 (40) | 0.0829 | 0.0870 c | <LOQ | 0.0870 | NIER [58] |
| 4 Major Rivers a | 8 (80) | 0.00316 | 0.0156 c | <LOQ | 0.0300 | NIER [59] |
| 4 Major Rivers a | 0 (80) | 0.0407 | <LOQ c | <LOQ | <LOQ | NIER [71] |
| 4 Major Rivers a | 0 (80) | 0.009 | <LOQ c | <LOQ | <LOQ | NIER [72] |
| 4 Major Rivers a | 1 (80) | 0.008 | 0.011 c | <LOQ | <LOQ | NIER [73] |
| Macao | ||||||
| Macao -Tap water | –(12) | 0.00028 | 0.0040 b | 0.0028 | 0.0052 | Yiruhan et al. [62] |
| Vietnam | ||||||
| Freshwater near Mekong delta | 42 (154) | 0.001 | 0.012 b | < LOQ | 0.059 | Nguyen DangGiang et al. [74] |
| Panguasius catfish pond | –(19) | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.68 | Andrieu et al. [21] | |
| Europe | ||||||
| France | ||||||
| Seine River | 0 (44) | 0.01 | - | - | < 0.01 | Tamtam et al. [26] |
| Seine River | - | 0.011 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | Dinh et al. [61] |
| Portugal | ||||||
| Mondego River | 8 (22) | 0.025 | - | <LOQ | 0.1025 | Pena et al. [25] |
| Spain | ||||||
| Castellon and Valencia provinces | 18 (18) | 0.009 | - | - | 0.070 | Gracia-Lor et al. [75] |
| North America | ||||||
| United States | ||||||
| 139 Streams | 0 (115) | 0.02 d | ND b | - | ND | Kolpin et al. [5] |
| 23 Streams in Iowa, high-flow | 0 (23) | 0.01 d | ND | - | ND | Kolpin et al. [27] |
| 23 streams in Iowa, normal-flow | 0 (23) | 0.01 d | ND | - | ND | Kolpin et al. [27] |
| 23 streams in Iowa, low-flow | 1 (30) | 0.01 d | - | - | 0.01 | Kolpin et al. [27] |
| Oceania | ||||||
| Australia | ||||||
| South-East Queensland, drinking water | 0 (20) | 0.001 | ND b | <LOQ | <LOQ | Watkinson et al. [7] |
| South-East Queensland, environmental water | 43 (97) | 0.001 | ND b | - | 0.30 | Watkinson et al. [7] |
| Neomycin | ||||||
| Asia | ||||||
| India | ||||||
| Yamuna River | 3 (7) | - | 1.18 | - | - | Velpandian et al. [60] |
| Korea | ||||||
| 4 Major Rivers a | 1 (40) | 0.00008 | 0.94 c | <LOQ | 0.94 | NIER [58] |
| 4 Major Rivers a | 0 (80) | 0.001 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | NIER [59] |
ND, not detected; LOQ, limit of quantification; -, not available. a Four major rivers in Korea include the Han River, Geum River, Youngsan River, and Nakdong River. b Median concentration. c Concentration below LOQ were not included in the calculation of mean values. d Limit of detection.