Table 6.
Regulation of gene and possible mechanisms from acute exposures to (a) DEHP and (b) MEHP on zebrafish embryos.
| (a) DEHP | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Endpoint | Lowest Effective Dose | Exposure | Endpoint Time | References |
| intense PCNA staining | 2.5 µg/L | 4–48 hpf | 48 hpf | [44] |
| intense wnt3a staining | 2.5 µg/L | 4–48 hpf | 48 hpf | [45] |
| intense β-catenin staining | 2.5 µg/L | 4–48 hpf | 48 hpf | [46] |
| gsk3β mRNA expression increased | 2.5 µg/L | 4–72 hpf | 72 hpf | [44] |
| bmp2 transcript level decreased | 50 µg/L | 2–96 hpf | 96 hpf | [53] |
| ngs transcript level increased | 50 µg/L | 2–96 hpf | 96 hpf | [53] |
| co18ala transcript level increased | 50 µg/L | 2–96 hpf | 96 hpf | [53] |
| co18ala transcript level decreased | 250 µg/L | 2–96 hpf | 96 hpf | [53] |
| klh14a transcript level increased | 50 µg/L | 2–96 hpf | 96 hpf | [53] |
| smyd2b transcript level increased | 50 µg/L | 2–96 hpf | 96 hpf | [53] |
| spp1 transcript level increased | 50 µg/L | 2–96 hpf | 96 hpf | [53] |
| stac3 transcript level increased | 50 µg/L | 2–96 hpf | 96 hpf | [53] |
| steroid binding pathway induction (paqr5b, nr1h4, fabp10a) | 50 µg/L | 1.5–96 hpf | 96 hpf | [52] |
| cyclase activator activity pathway induction (guca1a, guca1d) | 50 µg/L | 1.5–96 hpf | 96 hpf | [52] |
| actomyosin structure organization pathway induction (klhl41a, csrp3, cnn1b, ctnt) | 50 µg/L | 1.5–96 hpf | 96 hpf | [52] |
| chemokine receptor binding pathway induction(ccl27a, ccl39.3) | 50 µg/L | 1.5–96 hpf | 96 hpf | [52] |
| myofibril assembly pathway induction (csrp3, klhl41a, ctnt) | 50 µg/L | 1.5–96 hpf | 96 hpf | [52] |
| notochord development pathway induction (col8a1a, ngs, fbn2b) | 50 µg/L | 1.5–96 hpf | 96 hpf | [52] |
| skeletal system development pathway induction (spp1) | 50 µg/L | 1.5–96 hpf | 96 hpf | [52] |
| heart contraction and heart process pathway induction (smyd2b,csrp3) | 50 µg/L | 1.5–96 hpf | 96 hpf | [52] |
| nppa transcript level altered | 50 µg/L | 1.5–96 hpf | 96 hpf | [52] |
| My17 transcript level altered | 50 µg/L | 1.5–96 hpf | 96 hpf | [52] |
| Tbx5b transcript level altered | 50 µg/L | 1.5–96 hpf | 96 hpf | [52] |
| smyd2b transcript level altered | 50 µg/L | 1.5–96 hpf | 96 hpf | [52] |
| ctnt transcript level altered | 50 µg/L | 1.5–96 hpf | 96 hpf | [52] |
| cmlc1 transcript level altered | 50 µg/L | 1.5–96 hpf | 96 hpf | [52] |
| hypomethylation (nppa, ctnt) | 50 µg/L | 1.5–96 hpf | 96 hpf | [52] |
| hypermethylation (tbx5b) | 50 µg/L | 1.5–96 hpf | 96 hpf | [52] |
| immune system-related genes (cci27a, tnfaip2b, casp3b, rnasel3, traf3ip2b, diexf, trpm2, park2, smyd2b, creb312, il-1b, nfkb1, tp63, caspa) altered | 50 µg/L | 2–96 hpf | 96 hpf | [48] |
| lipid metabolism and skeletal development related genes (paqr5b, nr1h4, gc, fabp10a, esyt3, zfos-411a11.2, alox5a, apoba, atp8b1, osbp19, ch25hl1.2, gfpt1, klhl41a, klhl40b, stac3, ucmab, spp1, caspa, hapln1b) altered | 50 µg/L | 2–96 hpf | 96 hpf | [48] |
| sp7 transcript level increased | 200 mg/L | 1–168 hpf | 168 hpf | [37] |
| runx2b transcript level increased | 200 mg/L | 1–168 hpf | 168 hpf | [38] |
| gpc4a transcript level increased | 200 mg/L | 1–168 hpf | 168 hpf | [39] |
| shha transcript level increased | 200 mg/L | 1–168 hpf | 168 hpf | [40] |
| elav13 expression decreased, Fluorescence intensity reduction inTg (HuC:eGFP) | 500 µg/L | 2–72 hpf | 72 hpf | [46] |
| ache transcript level increased | 50 µg/L | 2–120 hpf | 120 hpf | [46] |
| th transcript level decreased | 500 µg/L | 2–120 hpf | 121 hpf | [46] |
| pik3r1 mRNA expression increased | 400 µg/L | 2–168 hpf | 168 hpf | [55] |
| akt1 mRNA expression increased | 400 µg/L | 2–168 hpf | 168 hpf | [55] |
| mtor mRNA expression increased | 400 µg/L | 2–168 hpf | 168 hpf | [55] |
| ps6kb mRNA expression increased | 200 µg/L | 2–168 hpf | 168 hpf | [55] |
| AhR activity induction, Fluorescence intensity increased in Tg(cyp1a:gfp) | 33 µg/L | 2–120 hpf | 120 hpf | [55] |
| Cerg1 level decreased | 50 µg/L | 2–96 hpf | 96 hpf | [48] |
| Che level decreased | 50 µg/L | 2–96 hpf | 96 hpf | [48] |
| DG level decreased | 50 µg/L | 2–96 hpf | 96 hpf | [48] |
| TG level decreased | 50 µg/L | 2–96 hpf | 96 hpf | [48] |
| FA level decreased | 50 µg/L | 2–96 hpf | 96 hpf | [48] |
| lipase activity regulation, lipid absorption, lipid catabolism, lipid digestion, lipid metabolism and lipid transport increased | 50 µg/L | 2–96 hpf | 96 hpf | [48] |
| (b) MEHP | ||||
| Endpoint | Lowest Effective Dose | Exposure | Endpoint Time | References |
| increased vacuolization and type of vacuolization in liver | 200 µg/L | 6–96 hpf | 96 hpf | [51] |
| lipid accumulation in liver & brain | 200 µg/L | 6–120 hpf | 15 dpf | [51] |
| fabp1a1 expression increased | 200 µg/L | 6–120 hpf | 15 dpf | [51] |