Table 1.
Overall and NOS-grouped effect sizes, including parameters of the strength of evidence, robustness, and prediction interval.
| Studies’ NOS 1-Scaled Groups | Pooled ES 2 (95% CI 3) * | No Serious Publication Bias (Pooled ES; 95% CI) ** | 95% Prediction Interval | Number of MAs 4 | No Serious Studies’ Inconsistency (I2) 5 | No Serious Impression (SE) 6 | Power of Test (%) | Robustness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | 0.95 (0.58–1.57) | Yes (0.95; 0.58–1.57) | 0.02–39.1 | 2 | Yes (0.0%) | No (0.25) | - | NA 8 |
| 3 | 2.55 (0.99–6.52) | No (5.25; 4.61–5.97) | 0.03–194 | 9 | No (97.7%) | No (0.48) | 43.3 | NA |
| 4 | 1.01 (0.72–1.41) | No (1.16; 1.03–1.31) | 0.10–10.0 | 43 | No (84.8%) | No (0.17) | 8.5 | NA |
| 5 | 1.33 (1.13–1.56) | Yes (1.10; 1.02–1.18) | 0.43–4.14 | 90 | No (62.1%) | Yes (0.08) | 83.0 | NA |
| 6 | 0.99 (0.89–1.09) | No (1.04; 1.01–1.07) | 0.59–1.66 | 54 | No (72.3%) | Yes (0.05) | 92.0 | NA |
| 7 | 0.98 (0.92–1.04) | Yes (0.95; 0.91–0.98) | 0.63–1.51 | 105 | Yes (47.1%) | Yes (0.03) | 99.3 | NA |
| 8 | 1.00 (0.96–1.05) | Yes (1.01; 0.98–1.04) | 0.74–1.36 | 159 | Yes (34.5%) | Yes (0.02) | >99.9 | NA |
| 9 | 1.00 (0.95–1.06) | Yes (0.93; 0.91–0.95) | 0.72–1.40 | 100 | Yes (48.0%) | Yes (0.03) | 99.6 | NA |
| Overall, any RoB 7 | 1.05 (1.01–1.09) | No (1.00; 0.99–1.02) | 0.55–1.99 | 562 | No (76.3%) | Yes (0.02) | 90.7 | NA |
| Overall, low RoB | 0.99 (0.97–1.02) | Yes (0.96; 0.95–0.98) | 0.73–1.36 | 364 | Yes (44.1%) | Yes (0.02) | >99.9 | Yes |
1 NOS: Newcastle–Ottawa Scale; 2 ES: effect size, 3 CI: confidence interval; 4 MAs: measures of association; 5 I2: index of inconsistency; 6 SE: standard deviation; 7 RoB: risk of bias; 8 NA: not applicable; *: pooled effect size derived from the random-effects model including 95% confidence interval; and **: pooled effect size derived from the fixed-effects model including 95% confidence interval.