Table 1.

Amount of AFM₁ in breast milk in different continents and countries.

Origin	N	Positives (>LOD)	Occurrence (%)	LOD (ng/L)	Range (ng/L)	Mean (ng/L)	Analitycal Method	Reference
Africa
Cameroon	62	3	5	nr	5–62	nr	HPLC/FD	[22]
Egypt	150	98	65	nr	200–19,000	7100	ELISA
Egypt	125	87	70	nr	7–329	74	ELISA	[25]
Ghana	264	59	22	nr	20–1816	nr	HPLC/FD	[4]
Kenya	204	129	63	nr	1–153	5	ELISA/HPLC-FD	[22]
Nigeria	310	171	55	10	<LOD–601	61.5	HPLC/FD
Sudan	94	51	54	13	<LOD–2561	401	HPLC/FD
Tanzania	143	143	100	5	10–550	70	HPLC/FD
Zimbabwe	54	6	11	nr	0.2–50	nr	ELISA	[4]
Total					0.2–1900	1110
America
Brazil	310	0	0	6.25	0	0	LM-MS-MS	[22]
	194	7	4	4	13–25	9	HPLC/FD
Colombia	50	45	90	0.6	1–19	5	HPLC/FD
Ecuador	78	67	86	33	53–458	45	HPLC/FD	[22]
Mexico	112	100	89	nr	3–34	12	ELISA	[22]
Total					<1–458	16
Asia
Arab Emirates	201	107	53	nr	210–4060	nr	HPLC/FD	[4]
Iraq	20	16	80	nr	100–3010	nr	TLC	[22]
	734	369	50	nr	<1–27	6	ELISA
	250	39	16	2.3	11–40	5	HPLC/FD
Iran	88	88	100	nr	0.1–14	3	ELISA	[26]
Jordan	80	80	100	nr	10–137	68	ELISA	[22]
Lebanon	111	104	94	nr	<1–8	4.5	ELISA
Malaysia	102	0	0	13	nr	nr	HPLC/FD
Pakistan	125	94	75	nr	<1	nr	ELISA
Total					<1–4060	11
Europe
Cyprus	50	40	80	5	5–28	8	ELISA	[22]
Italy	82	4	5	3	7–140	55	HPLC/FD
Portugal	67	22	33	5	5.1–10.6	7	ELISA	[24]
Serbia	70	33	47	2	5–570	190	ELISA
Turkey	61	8	13	5	5.1–6.9	6	HPLC/FD	[27]
Turkey	75	75	100	5	61–300	nr	HPLC/FD	[23]
Turkey	217	93	43	nr	1–80	9	ELISA	[22]
Total					1–570	54
TOTAL					<1–19,000	264

nr: Not reported. LOD: limit of detection HPLC/FC: high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescent detection. ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. LC-MS/MS: liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. TLC: thin layer chromatography.