Table 4.
Amount of mycotoxins in cereal-based products in different continents and countries.
| Origin | Mycotoxin | N | Positives (>LOD) | Occurrence (%) | LOD (µg/kg) | Range (µg/kg) | Mean (µg/kg) | ML (µg/kg) | Analitycal Method |
Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Africa | ||||||||||
| Morocco | FB1 | 20 | 1 | 5 | 0.1 | <LOD–2 | 2 | 200 | LC-MS/MS | [22] |
| FB2 | 20 | 1 | 5 | 0.1 | <LOD–2.3 | 1.8 | 200 | LC-MS/MS
GC-MS/MS |
||
| Tusiana | DON | 32 | 20 | 63 | 1.6 | 5–110 | 30 | 200 | LC-MS/MS GC-MS/MS |
[33] |
| 15-ADON | 32 | 3 | 9 | 3.1 | 9–20 | 1 | 200 | |||
| HT-2 | 32 | 1 | 3 | 0.0178 | 149–209 | 1 | nl | |||
| ZEN | 32 | 11 | 34 | 8.8 | <LOD–44 | 1 | 20 | |||
| ENB | 32 | 20 | 63 | 3 | 6–93 | 30 | nl | |||
| America | ||||||||||
| Canada | OTA | 627 | 260 | 41 | 0.040 | <LOD–4.8 | 0.59 | 500 | LC-MS | [22] |
| United States | OTA | 64 | 19 | 30 | 0.1 | 1–14.4 | nr | 500 | LC-MS/MS | [34] |
| DON | 64 | 42 | 66 | 0.1 | 1.4–147 | nr | 200 | |||
| AFB1 | 64 | 3 | 5 | 0.025 | 2.4–5.9 | nr | 100 | |||
| AFB2 | 64 | 14 | 22 | 0.010 | 1.1–1.5 | nr | nl | |||
| AFG1 | 64 | 0 | 0 | 0.010 | nr | nr | nl | |||
| AFG2 | 64 | 9 | 14 | 0.010 | 0.7–1.7 | nr | nl | |||
| FB1 | 64 | 1 | 2 | 0.5 | <LOD–6.2 | nr | 200 | |||
| FB2 | 64 | 5 | 8 | 0.125 | <LOD–15.8 | nr | 200 | |||
| HT-2 | 64 | 6 | 9 | 0.1 | 2.4–9.6 | nr | nl | |||
| T-2 | 64 | 18 | 28 | 0.01 | 0.4–3.6 | nr | nl | |||
| ZEN | 64 | 33 | 52 | NR | 0.5–32 | nr | 20 | |||
| United States | DON | 147 | 96 | 65 | 1.1 | 34–258 | nr | 200 | LC-MS/MS | [22] |
| T-2 | 147 | 3 | 2 | 0.5 | <LOD–1.6 | nr | nl | |||
| OTA | 147 | 1 | 1 | 0.2 | 2 | nr | 0.5 | |||
| ZEN | 147 | 18 | 12 | 2.7 | 8.9–26 | nr | 20 | |||
| FB | 147 | 1 | 1 | 2.3 | 336 | nr | 200 | |||
| Asia | ||||||||||
| Iran | AFB1 | 48 | 33 | 69 | 0.008 | 0.025–15.2 | 2.6 | 0.1 | HPLC | [22] |
| Syria | OTA | 30 | 13 | 43 | 0.038 | 2–329 | 0.09 | 0.5 | HPLC | [35] |
| Europe | ||||||||||
| Italy | OTA | 75 | 15 | 20 | 0.050 | <LOD–0.120 | 0.06 | 0.5 | LC-MS/MS | [5] |
| NIV | 75 | 3 | 4 | 5.5 | <LOD–235 | 19.9 | nl | |||
| FUS-X | 75 | 18 | 24 | 5.5 | <LOD–604 | 146.5 | nl | |||
| DON | 75 | 19 | 25 | 1 | <LOD–268 | 102.6 | 200 | |||
| HT-2 | 75 | 2 | 3 | 2 | <LOD–151 | 12.6 | nl | |||
| β-ZEL | 75 | 5 | 7 | 1.5 | <LOD–23.2 | 2.5 | nl | |||
| ENB | 75 | 10 | 13 | 2 | <LOD–832 | 101.3 | nl | |||
| ENB1 | 75 | 1 | 1 | 5 | <LOD–117 | 7.8 | nl | |||
| ENB4 | 75 | 4 | 5 | 5 | <LOD–311 | 38.1 | nl | |||
| ENA1 | 75 | 3 | 4 | 5 | <LOD–125 | 6.6 | nl | |||
| BEA | 75 | 1 | 1 | 5 | <LOD–21.3 | 1.2 | nl | |||
| Portugal | AFM1 | 20 | 4 | 20 | 0.004 | <LOD–0.023 | nr | 0.025 | HPLC | [22] |
| AFB1 | 20 | 6 | 30 | 0.001 | <LOD–0.009 | nr | 0.1 | |||
| OTA | 20 | 13 | 65 | 0.009 | <LOD–0.212 | nr | 0.5 | |||
| Portugal | PAT | 20 | 15 | 75 | 0.9 | <LOD–4.5 | 2.3 | 10 | HPLC | |
| OTA | 20 | 10 | 50 | 0.006 | <LOD–0.263 | 0.06 | 0.5 | |||
| Spain | AFB1 | 91 | 42 | 46 | 0.003 | <LOD–3.11 | 0.09 | 0.1 | HPLC | |
| AFB2 | 91 | 36 | 40 | 0.002 | <LOD–0.410 | 0.01 | nl | |||
| AFG1 | 91 | 31 | 34 | 0.002 | <LOD–0.420 | 0.02 | nl | |||
| AFG2 | 91 | 10 | 11 | 0.002 | <LOD–0.070 | 0.004 | nl | |||
| Spain | NIV | 35 | 2 | 6 | 0.035 | <LOD–100 | nr | nl | LC-MS/MS | |
| DON | 35 | 9 | 26 | 0.020 | 70–210 | nr | 200 | |||
| OTA | 35 | 2 | 6 | 0.1 | 0.350–0.500 | nr | 0.5 | |||
| FB1 | 35 | 3 | 9 | 0.022 | 75–100 | nr | nl | |||
| FB2 | 35 | 1 | 3 | 0.025 | 0.075 | nr | nl | |||
| AFG2 | 35 | 1 | 3 | 0.450 | 1.2 | nr | nl | |||
| ZEN | 35 | 2 | 6 | 2 | 10–15 | nr | 20 | |||
| BEA | 35 | 15 | 43 | 0.5 | 50–100 | nr | nl | |||
| AFM1 | 35 | 1 | 3 | 0.08 | <LOD–0.250 | nr | 0.025 | |||
| STG | 35 | 2 | 6 | 2.5 | 10–50 | nr | nl | |||
| Spain | DON | 60 | 12 | 20 | 33 | 36–245 | 117 | 200 | HPLC | [12] |
| Turkey | OTA | 21 | 4 | 19 | 0.05 | <LOD–0.200 | 0.140 | 0.5 | HPLC | [22] |
nr: not reported. nl: not legislate in Europe. LOD: limit of detection. HPLC: high performance liquid chromatography. ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. LC-MS/MS: liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. GC-MS/MS: gas chromatography mass spectrometry. UHPLC: ultra high performance liquid chromatography.