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. 2021 Jul 29;13(8):537. doi: 10.3390/toxins13080537

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Microcystin molecular toxicity in mammalian cells. Arrows with question marks represent pathways that require further investigation. Abbreviations: PP1: protein phosphatase 1; PP2A: protein phosphatase 2A; PI3/AKT: phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B; ERK1/2L extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2; JNK: Jun N-terminal kinases; MPT: mitochondrial permeability transition; MMP: mitochondrial membrane potential; P53: tumor promoter p53; P21: cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1; Mdm2: mouse double minute 2 homolog; ROS: reactive oxygen species; GSH: glutathione; Bcl2: B-cell lymphoma 2; Bax: bcl2-associated X protein; Bid: BH3 interacting-domain death agonist; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; MFs: microfilaments; Ifs: intermediate filaments; MTs: microtubules.