Table 4.
Lethality and antivenom neutralization of N. naja venoms from different geographical locales.
| Snake Locality | i.v. LD50 (mg/kg) | Antivenom Used | Challenge Dose | ED50 (µL) a | ER50 (mg/mL) b | Neutralization c Potency (mg/mL) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sri Lanka | 0.75 (0.48–1.18) |
VINS polyvalent antivenom | 2.5 LD50 | 35.00 | 1.23 (1.11–1.37) |
0.74 | Current study |
| Sri Lanka | 1.13 (0.80–1.49) |
VINS polyvalent antivenom | 3.0 LD50 | 96.86 | 0.70 (0.60–0.90) |
0.47 | [22] |
| Instituto Clodomiro Picado polyvalent antivenom | 3.0 LD50 | 195 | 0.40 (0.30–0.50) |
0.23 | |||
| Sri Lanka | 0.67 (0.48–0.99) |
VINS polyvalent antivenom | 5.0 LD50 | # | - | [12] | |
| Bharat polyvalent antivenom | 5.0 LD50 | # | - | ||||
| Maharashtra, West India | 0.73 (0.50–0.88) |
Premium Serums antivenom | 5.0 LD50 | 81.27 | 0.90 (0.74–1.08) |
0.72 | [94] |
| Punjab, North India | 0.33 (0.28–0.38) |
Premium Serums antivenom | 5.0 LD50 | 67.37 | 0.49 | 0.39 | [6] |
| Rajasthan, West India | 2.53 | Premium Serums antivenom | 5.0 LD50 | NE | NE | NE | |
| West Bengal, East India | 0.27 (0.22–0.32) |
Premium Serums antivenom | 5.0 LD50 | 60.45 | 0.45 | 0.36 | |
| Andhra Pradesh, Southeast India | 0.55 (0.45–0.65) |
Premium Serums antivenom | 5.0 LD50 | 54.24 | 1.01 | 0.81 | |
| Madhya Pradesh, Central India | 0.22 (0.18–0.25) |
Premium Serums antivenom | 5.0 LD50 | 60.45 | 0.36 | 0.29 | |
| Pakistan | 0.22 (0.12–0.40) |
VINS polyvalent antivenom | 5.0 LD50 | 32.77 | 0.77 (0.69–0.85) |
0.61 | [8,54] |
Abbreviation: i.v., intravenous; LD50, median lethal dose; ED50, median effective dose; ER50, median effective ratio. a the dose of antivenom (μL) to neutralize the challenge dose of venom (ΧLD50) at which 50% of mice survived; b ratio of the amount of venom (mg) to the volume of the antivenom (ml) at which 50% of mice survived; c the amount of venom (mg) completely neutralized by per unit volume of antivenom (ml). # Median effective dose (ED50) defined differently as the amount of antivenom (μg) per g mice weight (μg/g) to neutralize the challenge dose of venom (ΧLD50), where VINS = 0.77 μg/g (95% C.I.: 0.48–1.05) and Bharat = 1.38 μg/g (0.99–1.63); 95% confidence intervals are indicated in parentheses, unreported data are denoted in dashed line, antivenom not effective toward the challenge dose of venom at a maximum volume of 166 μL is indicated as NE.