Table 4.
Vaccine related determinants of vaccine hesitancy in high-income countries or regions.
| Factor | Number of Supporting Studies | References | Number of Studies Which Found no Significance | References | Number of Disagreeing Studies | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Risk/benefit (scientific evidence) | ||||||
| Belief that the COVID-19 vaccines are unsafe or ineffective | 24 | [20,22,29,35,36,37,40,41,43,50,52,54,55,63,68,73,88,90,94,102,103,108,110,111] | 1 | [69] | 0 | |
| Perceived duration of protection from COVID-19 vaccines to be short (one year or less) | 1 | [73] | 0 | 0 | ||
| Introduction of new vaccine/formulation | ||||||
| Concerns about rapid development, novelty, and/or mechanism of action of vaccine | 9 | [20,22,24,41,43,50,54,108,110] | 1 | [22] | 0 | |
| Mode of administration | ||||||
| Fear of needles as a route of vaccine administration | 2 | [37,111] | 0 | 0 | ||
| Reliability or source of vaccine supply | ||||||
| Vaccines developed by first world regions (US and European Union) | 0 | 0 | 3 | [22,36,110] | ||
| Vaccination schedule | ||||||
| Concerns about vaccine requiring more than one dose | 2 | [88,110] | 0 | 0 | ||
| Design of vaccination program/mode of delivery | ||||||
| Presence of perceived barriers to accessibility of vaccine (i.e., location for vaccination, time spent on transport) | 4 | [36,92,97,111] | 0 | 0 | ||
| Role of Healthcare professional | ||||||
| Lack of advocacy for COVID-19 vaccination from attending physician | 3 | [49,52,88] | 1 | [34] | 0 | |
| Costs | ||||||
| Concerns for costs of COVID-19 vaccination | 2 | [97,104] | 2 | [43,90] | 0 | |
| Availability of monetary incentives to get vaccinated | 0 | 1 | [39] | 0 |