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QRT-PCR quantitation of H9N2 AIV viral shedding in challenged chickens. The chickens were challenged with the 108EID50 H9N2 AIV YZ1406 strain at 21 days post-immunization. Cloacal swab samples (A) and tracheal swab samples (B) were collected 3, 6, 9 days post-challenge, and the levels of H9N2 AIV viral RNA were quantitated via QRT-PCR. Values are shown as mean values ± standard deviation (mean ± SD) in each group (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001).
