Extended Data Fig. 5 |. Properties of ITC_dm and ITC_vm neurons during fear extinction.

a, Trial-averaged ΔF/F Ca²⁺ responses of ITC_dm Fear and ITC_vm Extinction neurons aligned to freezing onset and offset.

b, Schematics illustrating the analysis shown in (c). Correlation coefficients between trial-by-trial (in total, 50 CS trials) freezing levels and CS-response amplitudes of all the recorded neurons across two days of extinction. Distribution of those correlation coefficients (one value from each neuron) were first normalized in each animal, then mean ± SEM values were acquired from all ITC_dm and ITC_vm recordings and visualized.

c, The distribution of correlation coefficients for ITC_dm neurons was skewed towards 1, indicating a larger fraction showed a CS response pattern positively correlated with freezing behaviour. In contrast, ITC_vm neurons exhibited the opposite tendency; a response pattern anti-correlated with freezing behaviour. *P = 1.64 × 10⁻⁴⁰, Kolmogorov–Smirnov test.

d, Trial-averaged ΔF/F Ca²⁺ responses of ITC_vm neurons aligned to tone on habituation (Day1).

e, (Left) Averaged Ca²⁺ responses to tone CS onset of ITC_dm. Vertical dotted lines indicate onsets and 2 seconds time-window of CSs for AUC analysis. (Center) Single-trial average of all the ITC_dm neurons. (Right) Area under the curve (AUC) quantification of single-trial responses shown in the Center panel. P = 0.027, one-way ANOVA.

f, Trial-averaged ΔF/F Ca²⁺ responses of ITC_dm Fear and ITC_vm Extinction neurons aligned to US omission on Day3. Early: CS1–5, Late: CS21–25. Dotted red boxes indicate the expected timing of US delivery.

g, Trial-averaged ΔF/F Ca²⁺ responses of all recorded ITC_vm neurons aligned to US omission on Day5. The dotted red box indicates the expected timing of US delivery.

h, Relationship between CS responses during last 5 trials of extinction training on Day4 and US omission responses on Day3 in ITC_vm Extinction neurons shows a weak positive correlation.