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. 2021 Apr 9;12(9):680–694. doi: 10.1007/s13238-021-00839-6

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Immune signaling pathways that involve death domain-containing proteins. (A) The myddosome forms downstream of TLR4 via DD-DD interaction. (B) In an antiviral signaling pathway, RIG-I and MAVS assemble into a complex through CARD-CARD interaction. (C) PYD-PYD and CARD-CARD interactions enable the assembly and activation of an ASC-dependent inflammasome. (D) The Fas receptor, a member of the TNFR superfamily, initiates DISC assembly through DD-DD and DED-DED interactions. (E) A B-cell receptor signaling pathway via the CBM signalosome formed by CARD-CARD interaction