Table 2.
Biomimetic systems based on ACP
| Biomimetic systems | Characteristics of repair layer | Repair time | Ref. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thickness (μm) | Structure of regrown crystals | Orientation degrees I(002)/I(211)a | Modulus (GPa) | Hardness (GPa)b | |||
| Chitosan system | |||||||
| CS | – | – | 0.5 | – | – | 5 days | [33] |
| CS-HAP microgels | – | Grain-like mineral | – | – | – | 7 days | [69] |
| CMC-ACP-peptide A | – | Oriented enamel-like crystals | 1.491 ± 0.032 | 43.5 ± 1.7 | 0.48 ± 0.10 | 7 days | [36] |
| CMC-ALN/ACP-Gly | – | Oriented and ordered needle-like crystals | – | – | – | 7 days | [16] |
| TEA | ~2.7 | Organized enamel rods and inter-rods | – | 87.26 ± 3.73 | 3.84 ± 0.20 | 2 days | [7] |
CS chitosan, HAP hydroxyapatite, CMC hydroxymethyl chitosan, ACP amorphous calcium phosphate, Gly glycine, TEA triethylamine
aThe ratio of diffraction intensity of c-axis (002) to another direction (211) has been widely used to evaluate the orientation degree of the apatite crystals [3, 88]
bThe hardness and modulus of a healthy enamel are measured to be around 4.0 and 90 GPa under the nanoindentation tests, respectively [37]