Table I.
Infant characteristics by treatment group and predicted risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia or death
| Risk of BPD or Death | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 | All | ||||||
| Vitamin A | Control | Vitamin A | Control | Vitamin A | Control | Vitamin A | Control | Vitamin A | Control | |
| Infant Characteristic | n=105 | n=96 | n=97 | n=105 | n=104 | n=98 | n=99 | n=103 | n=405 | n=402 |
| Birth weight (grams)—mean (SD) | 911 (66) | 911 (70) | 809 (84) | 810 (104) | 728 (102) | 723 (115) | 627 (86) | 640 (87) | 770 (135) | 769 (138) |
| Gestational age at birth (weeks)— mean (SD) | 27.6 (1.7) | 27.5 (1.6) | 26.1 (1.0) | 26.3 (1.2) | 25.5 (1.3) | 25.4 (1.2) | 24.1 (1.2) | 24 (1.2) | 25.8 (1.9) | 25.8 (1.8) |
| Female sex—n (%) | 65 (61.9) | 63 (65.6) | 51 (52.6) | 58 (55.2) | 46 (44.2) | 49 (50) | 41 (41.4) | 43 (41.7) | 203 (50.1) | 213 (53.0) |
| Race/ethnicity—n (%) | ||||||||||
| Black | 58 (55.2) | 55 (57.3) | 45 (46.4) | 41 (39.0) | 44 (42.3) | 41 (41.8) | 51 (51.5) | 52 (50.5) | 198 (48.9) | 189 (47.0) |
| White | 20 (19.0) | 21 (21.9) | 39 (40.2) | 39 (37.1) | 40 (38.5) | 45 (45.9) | 34 (34.3) | 32 (31.1) | 133 (32.8) | 137 (34.1) |
| Hispanic | 25 (23.8) | 18 (18.8) | 11 (11.3) | 18 (17.1) | 16 (15.4) | 10 (10.2) | 12 (12.1) | 16 (15.5) | 64 (15.8) | 62 (15.4) |
| Other | 2 (1.9) | 2 (2.1) | 2 (2.1) | 7 (6.7) | 4 (3.8) | 2 (2.0) | 2 (2.0) | 3 (2.9) | 10 (2.5) | 14 (3.5) |
| Small for gestational agea—n (%) | 16(15.2) | 16(16.7) | 9(9.3) | 13(12.4) | 14(13.5) | 18(18.4) | 11(11.1) | 7(6.8) | 50 (12.3) | 54 (13.4) |
| Antenatal corticosteroids—n (%) | 76/104 (73.1) | 69 (71.9) | 75 (77.3) | 83 (79.0) | 88 (84.6) | 75 (76.5) | 68 (68.7) | 71 (68.9) | 307/404 (76.0) | 298 (74.1) |
| Surfactant—n (%) | 73 (69.5) | 71 (74.0) | 84 (86.6) | 84 (80.0) | 90 (86.5) | 84 (85.7) | 90 (90.9) | 90 (87.4) | 337 (83.2) | 329 (81.8) |
| Apgar score ≤3—n (%) | ||||||||||
| At 1 min† | 34/104 (32.7) | 19 (19.8) | 37/96 (38.5) | 36/103 (35.0) | 52/102 (51.0) | 40/97 (41.2) | 53/98 (54.1) | 53/102 (52.0) | 176/400 (44.0) | 148/398 (37.2) |
| At 5 min | 3/104 (2.9) | 2 (2.1) | 7/96 (7.3) | 6/104 (5.8) | 15/102 (14.7) | 12/97 (12.4) | 16/98 (16.3) | 10/102 (9.8) | 41/400 (10.3) | 30/399 (7.5) |
| Intubation—n (%) | 82 (78.1) | 77 (80.2) | 91 (93.8) | 94 (89.5) | 97 (93.3) | 91 (92.9) | 94 (94.9) | 101 (98.1) | 364 (89.9) | 363 (90.3) |
| Chest compressions—n (%) | 8 (7.6) | 4 (4.2) | 15 (15.5) | 17 (16.2) | 18 (17.3) | 14 (14.3) | 21 (21.2) | 9 (8.7) | 62 (15.3) | 44 (10.9) |
| Resuscitation medicationsb—n (%) | 7 (6.7) | 8 (8.3) | 9 (9.3) | 12 (11.4) | 14 (13.5) | 8 (8.2) | 12 (12.1) | 12 (11.7) | 42 (10.4) | 40 (10.0) |
| FiO2 at 24 h of age—mean (SD) | 0.33 (0.10) | 0.34 (0.12) | 0.34 (0.11) | 0.36 (0.11) | 0.41 (0.16) | 0.40 (0.18) | 0.54 (0.25) | 0.52 (0.25) | 0.41(0.19) | 0.41 (0.19) |
| Ventilation at 24 h of age—n (%) | ||||||||||
| HFV | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.0) | 4 (3.8) | 16 (15.4) | 12 (12.2) | 20 (20.2) | 22 (21.4) | 37 (9.1) | 38 (9.5) |
| CMV | 78 (74.3) | 74 (77.1) | 89 (91.8) | 95 (90.5) | 88 (84.6) | 83 (84.7) | 77 (77.8) | 77 (74.8) | 332 (82.0) | 329 (81.8) |
| CPAPc | 14 (13.3) | 12 (12.5) | 4 (4.1) | 2 (1.9) | 0 (0) | 2 (2.0) | 0 (0) | 3 (2.9) | 18 (4.4) | 19 (4.7) |
| NC/Hood | 13 (12.4) | 10 (10.4) | 3 (3.1) | 4 (3.8) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.0) | 2 (2.0) | 1 (1.0) | 18 (4.4) | 16 (4.0) |
| Pre-treatment serum retinol (μg/dL)— mean (SD) | 15.1 (6.1) | 16.4 (6.4) | 16.2 (5.4) | 16.6 (6.1) | 16.7 (6.8) | 15.6 (6.3) | 17.6 (6.7) | 16.1 (5.8) | 16.2 (6.2) | 16.2 (6.2) |
| Time from birth to first treatment (h)— mean (SD) | 61 (20) | 60 (19) | 65 (21) | 63 (20) | 65 (21) | 65 (20) | 67 (19) | 67 (19) | 64 (20) | 64 (20) |
Defined as birth weight <10th percentile by gestational age (by best obstetrical estimate) and sex on the Alexander growth charts,36 consistent with a prior analysis of this dataset.31
Includes inotropes, sodium bicarbonate, calcium gluconate, calcium chloride, atropine, naloxone, and volume expanders.
Includes 7 infants who received continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) through endotracheal tube; all others received non-invasive CPAP.
Significantly different (p<0.05) between vitamin A therapy and control groups.
All characteristics were significantly different by risk group (p<0.05) except resuscitation medications and pre-treatment serum retinol.
Quartile 1: ≤44.6%; Quartile 2: 44.7–61.5%; Quartile 3: 61.6–79.1%; Quartile 4: >79.1%. BPD = bronchopulmonary dysplasia; SD = standard deviation; FiO2 = fraction of inspired oxygen; HFV=high frequency ventilation; CMV = conventional mechanical ventilation; NC = nasal cannula