Table III.
Associations between birth outcomes and neurodevelopment scores among adolescents aged 11-15 years of age
| Characteristics | Intelligence score (n = 421) |
Executive function score (n = 420) |
Behavioral problems score (n = 420) |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean difference∗ (95% CI) | P value | Adjusted mean difference† (95% CI) | P value | Mean difference∗ (95% CI) | P value | Adjusted mean difference† (95% CI) | P value | Mean difference∗ (95% CI) | P value | Adjusted mean difference† (95% CI) | P value | |
| Gestational age, weeks | 0.05 (0.01 to 0.09) | .01 | 0.05 (0.01 to 0.09) | .02 | 0.03 (−0.004 to 0.07) | .08 | 0.03 (−0.01 to 0.07) | .18 | −0.02 (−0.06 to 0.02) | .43 | −0.02 (−0.06 to 0.02) | .29 |
| Preterm birth | ||||||||||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
| Yes | −0.28 (−0.56 to 0.00) | .05 | −0.27 (−0.52 to 0.06) | .13 | −0.26 (−0.54 to 0.03) | .08 | −0.18 (−0.47 to 0.10) | .21 | 0.27 (−0.01 to 0.55) | .06 | 0.28 (−0.01 to 0.58) | .06 |
| Birthweight,‡ per 100 g | 0.04 (0.02 to 0.06) | <.001 | 0.04 (0.02.0.06) | <.001 | 0.03 (0.01 to 0.05) | .001 | 0.03 (0.01 to 0.05) | .001 | – | – | ||
| Birthweight quartile‡ | ||||||||||||
| 1st (≥3501 g) | – | – | – | – | 0.15 (−0.13 to 0.43) | .29 | 0.12 (−0.16 to 0.41) | .39 | ||||
| 2nd (3201-3500 g) | – | – | – | – | 0.17 (−0.10 to 0.43) | .23 | 0.20 (−0.07 to 0.47) | .15 | ||||
| 3rd (2900-3200 g) | – | – | – | – | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
| 4th (≤2900 g) | – | – | – | – | 0.26 (−0.01 to 0.52) | .06 | 0.30 (0.03 to 0.57) | .03 | ||||
| Low birthweight‡ | ||||||||||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
| Yes | −0.69 (−1.18 to −0.19) | .007 | −0.63 (−1.14 to −0.11) | .02 | −0.64 (−1.14 to −0.15) | .01 | −0.58 (−1.09 to −0.08) | .02 | 0.72 (0.22 to 1.22) | .01 | 0.75 (0.24 to 1.27) | .004 |
| Weight for gestational age,‡ SD | 0.09 (0.005 to 0.17) | .04 | 0.09 (0.01 to 0.17) | .03 | 0.06 (−0.02 to 0.14) | .13 | 0.08 (−0.00 to 0.16) | .05 | – | – | ||
| 1st (≥0.826) | – | – | – | – | 0.17 (−0.11 to 0.44) | .23 | 0.16 (−0.12 to 0.44) | .27 | ||||
| 2nd (0.825 to −0.073) | – | – | – | – | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
| 3rd (−0.074 to −0.83) | – | – | – | – | 0.16 (−0.11 to 0.44) | .27 | 0.19 (−0.09 to 0.47) | .18 | ||||
| 4th (≤–0.83) | – | – | – | – | 0.24 (−0.04 to 0.52) | .09 | 0.21 (−0.07 to 0.50) | .14 | ||||
| Small for gestational age‡ | ||||||||||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
| Yes | −0.07 (−0.33 to 0.19) | .61 | −0.08 (−0.34 to 0.19) | .58 | 0.08 (−0.18 to 0.34) | .55 | 0.04 (−0.22 to 0.31) | .74 | 0.17 (−0.09 to 0.43) | .21 | 0.16 (−0.11 to 0.43) | .24 |
Minimally aSMD in neurodevelopment scores during adolescence are adjusted for adolescent age (years) and sex (male vs female).
Multivariable adjusted aSMD, adjusted for adolescent age (years), sex (male vs female), maternal age (<20, 20-24, 25-29, >30 years), maternal education (<5, 5-7, 8-11, ≥12 years), maternal marital status (married vs single/widowed/separated), maternal parity (none, 1 prior pregnancy, 2 prior pregnancies, ≥3 prior pregnancies), wealth quartile, alcohol consumption (never, less than once a week, once or more per week), and supplementation regimen (placebo vs micronutrient supplementation).
Birthweight was missing for 2 infants in all analyses. Birthweight quartiles were used to estimate nonlinear associations as indicated by spline analyses.