Table 1.

Summary of Missing Values Analyses (MVA) Recommended for Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Clinical Research

Type of MVA	Assumptions	Recommended for TBI
Complete-case analysis	None	No
Partial deletion	MCAR or MAR	No
Mean or mode substitution	MCAR or MAR	No
Expectation maximization (EM)	MCAR or MAR	No
Multiple imputation (MI)	MCAR or MAR	Yes, combined with appropriate modeling through SA
Sensitivity analysis (SA)	NMAR	Yes
Inverse probability weighting (IPW)	NMAR	Yes, with appropriate modeling of confounders of missingness

MCAR, missing completely at random; MAR, missing at random; NMAR, not missing at random.