Table 1.
Participant Characteristics and Injury-Related Factors
| mTBI group | Control group | p1 | PPCS+ | PPCS- | p2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 176 | 78 | 35 | 141 | ||
| Age, years, median (IQR) | 28.1 (22.0) | 27.6 (20.0) | 0.9953 | 31.5 (25.3) | 27.0 (21.7) | 0.4113 |
| Female sex, n (%) | 65 (36.9) | 30 (38.5) | 0.8164 | 19 (54.3) | 46 (32.6) | 0.0174 |
| Education, years, median (IQR) | 13.0 (4.0) | 13.0 (4.0) | 0.6633 | 12.0 (4.0) | 13.0 (4.0) | 0.1353 |
| Vocabulary | ||||||
| T score, mean (SD) | 50.9 (9.2) | 51.3 (8.1) | 0.7645 | 47.5 (9.1) | 51.6 (9.1) | 0.0425 |
| Raw score, mean (SD) | 57.4 (8.6) | 57.7 (7.6) | 0.7046 | 54.6 (9.0) | 58.0 (8.4) | 0.0476 |
| Cause of injury, n (%) | ||||||
| Fall | 68 (38.6) | 15 (42.9) | 53 (37.6) | |||
| Bicycle | 33 (18.8) | 5 (14.3) | 28 (19.9) | |||
| Violence | 23 (13.1) | 9 (25.7) | 14 (9.9) | |||
| Sports accidents | 21 (11.9) | 0 (0) | 21 (14.9) | |||
| Motor vehicle accidents | 17 (9.7) | 5 (14.3) | 12 (8.5) | |||
| Hit by object | 12 (6.8) | 0 (0) | 12 (8.5) | |||
| Other | 1 (0.6) | 1 (2.9) | 0 (0) | |||
| Unknown | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.7) | |||
| GCS score, n (%) | ||||||
| 13 | 4 (2.3) | 0 (0) | 4 (2.8) | |||
| 14 | 25 (14.2) | 7 (20.0) | 18 (12.8) | |||
| 15 | 136 (77.3) | 25 (71.4) | 111 (78.7) | |||
| unknown | 11 (6.3) | 3 (8.5) | 8 (5.7) | |||
| LOC, n (%) | 0.1034 | |||||
| Yes | 85 (48.3) | 15 (42.9) | 70 (49.6) | |||
| No | 30 (17.0) | 3 (8.6) | 27 (19.1) | |||
| unknown/not witnessed | 61 (34.7) | 17 (48.6) | 44 (31.2) | |||
| PTA, n (%) | 0.0024 | |||||
| < 1 h | 123 (69.9) | 17 (48.6) | 106 (75.2) | |||
| 1–24 h | 53 (30.1) | 18 (51.4) | 35 (24.8) | |||
| Complicated mTBI, n (%) | 0.0064 | |||||
| Yes | 18 (10.2) | 8 (22.9) | 10 (7.1) | |||
| No | 158 (89.8) | 27 (77.1) | 131 (92.9) | |||
| Level of care, n (%) | ||||||
| Not admitted | 124 (70.5) | 20 (57.1) | 104 (73.8) | |||
| Observed <24 h | 27 (15.3) | 6 (17.1) | 21 (14.9) | |||
| Admitted neurosurgery department | 16 (9.1) | 7 (20.0) | 9 (6.4) | |||
| Admitted other department | 9 (5.1) | 2 (5.7) | 7 (5.0) |
19 patients with mTBI, and 4 controls did not perform the Vocabulary subtest. 10 patients with PPCS, and 9 patients without, had missing vocabulary scores.
1
p value from mTBI/Controls comparison.
2
p value from PPCS+/PPCS- comparison. No statistical comparisons were performed for cause of injury, GCS, and level of care because of low n in some cells.
3
Mann-Whitney U-test.
4
Chi-squared test.
5
t-test.
6
Multiple regression with age and sex as covariates.
mTBI, mild traumatic brain injury; PPCS+/PPCS-, patients with and without persistent post-concussion symptoms; IQR, interquartile range; SD, standard deviation; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; LOC, loss of consciousness; PTA, post-traumatic amnesia.