Table 1.
Characteristics of the Primary Outpatient Cohort
| Variable | Overall | Antihypertensive Drug Cohorts | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cohort | P Value | ||||||
| ACE Inhibitor | ARB | Other | ACE Inhibitor vs Other | ARB vs Other | ACE Inhibitor vs ARB | ||
| Number of patients | 2263 (100.0%) | 722 (100.0%) | 731 (100.0%) | 810 (100.0%) | … | … | … |
| Age, median (IQR) | 69.0 (59.0–78.0) | 68.0 (57.0–76.0) | 69.0 (59.0–76.0) | 71.0 (60.2–80.0) | <0.0001 | 0.00012 | 0.086 |
| Age range | |||||||
| 18–30 y | * | * | * | * | 0.88 | 0.78 | 0.99 |
| 31– 40 y | 63 (2.8%) | 25 (3.5%) | 14 (1.9%) | 24 (3.0%) | 0.68 | 0.25 | 0.096 |
| 41–50 y | 171 (7.6%) | 69 (9.6%) | 56 (7.7%) | 46 (5.7%) | 0.0055 | 0.14 | 0.23 |
| 51–60 y | 408 (18.0%) | 138 (19.1%) | 140 (19.2%) | 130 (16.0%) | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.96 |
| 61–70 y | 570 (25.2%) | 189 (26.2%) | 203 (27.8%) | 178 (22.0%) | 0.062 | 0.010 | 0.53 |
| 71–80 y | 606 (26.8%) | 185 (25.6%) | 194 (26.5%) | 227 (28.0%) | 0.32 | 0.55 | 0.74 |
| >80 y | 435 (19.2%) | 112 (15.5%) | 121 (16.6%) | 202 (24.9%) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.64 |
| Female sex | 1189 (52.5%) | 318 (44.0%) | 392 (53.6%) | 479 (59.1%) | <0.0001 | 0.033 | 0.00032 |
| Medicare Advantage | 1467 (64.8%) | 434 (60.1%) | 452 (61.8%) | 581 (71.7%) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.54 |
| Location | |||||||
| Urban | 1059 (46.8%) | 333 (46.1%) | 336 (46.0%) | 390 (48.1%) | 0.46 | 0.42 | 0.99 |
| Rural | 434 (19.2%) | 130 (18.0%) | 142 (19.4%) | 162 (20.0%) | 0.35 | 0.83 | 0.53 |
| Suburban | 747 (33.0%) | 244 (33.8%) | 248 (33.9%) | 255 (31.5%) | 0.36 | 0.33 | 1.00 |
| Unknown | 23 (1.0%) | * | * | * | 0.0043 | 0.62 | 0.040 |
| Race† | |||||||
| White | 863 (38.1%) | 270 (37.4%) | 250 (34.2%) | 343 (42.3%) | 0.055 | 0.0012 | 0.22 |
| Black | 434 (19.2%) | 113 (15.7%) | 131 (17.9%) | 190 (23.5%) | 0.00017 | 0.0091 | 0.28 |
| Hispanic | 69 (3.0%) | 21 (2.9%) | 25 (3.4%) | 23 (2.8%) | 0.94 | 0.61 | 0.68 |
| Asian | 46 (2.0%) | 15 (2.1%) | 19 (2.6%) | 12 (1.5%) | 0.49 | 0.17 | 0.63 |
| Native American | * | * | * | * | 0.53 | 0.52 | |
| Other | 36 (1.6%) | * | * | * | 0.63 | 0.041 | 0.19 |
| Unknown | 813 (35.9%) | 293 (40.6%) | 288 (39.4%) | 232 (28.6%) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.68 |
| Geography | |||||||
| Region of test site | |||||||
| Northeast | 847 (37.4%) | 241 (33.4%) | 242 (33.1%) | 364 (44.9%) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.96 |
| South | 711 (31.4%) | 229 (31.7%) | 275 (37.6%) | 207 (25.6%) | 0.0090 | <0.0001 | 0.021 |
| Midwest | 175 (7.7%) | 64 (8.9%) | 53 (7.3%) | 58 (7.2%) | 0.26 | 0.98 | 0.30 |
| West | 202 (8.9%) | 81 (11.2%) | 64 (8.8%) | 57 (7.0%) | 0.0057 | 0.25 | 0.14 |
| Unknown | 328 (14.5%) | 107 (14.8%) | 97 (13.3%) | 124 (15.3%) | 0.85 | 0.29 | 0.44 |
| State of test site | |||||||
| New York | 230 (10.2%) | 54 (7.5%) | 79 (10.8%) | 97 (12.0%) | 0.0042 | 0.52 | 0.035 |
| New Jersey | 303 (13.4%) | 86 (11.9%) | 93 (12.7%) | 124 (15.3%) | 0.064 | 0.17 | 0.70 |
| Connecticut | 136 (6.0%) | 43 (6.0%) | 36 (4.9%) | 57 (7.0%) | 0.45 | 0.10 | 0.45 |
| Georgia | 183 (8.1%) | 58 (8.0%) | 67 (9.2%) | 58 (7.2%) | 0.58 | 0.18 | 0.50 |
| Florida | 124 (5.5%) | 38 (5.3%) | 58 (7.9%) | 28 (3.5%) | 0.11 | 0.00021 | 0.052 |
| Other | 959 (42.4%) | 336 (46.5%) | 301 (41.2%) | 322 (39.8%) | 0.0086 | 0.61 | 0.045 |
| Unknown | 328 (14.5%) | 107 (14.8%) | 97 (13.3%) | 124 (15.3%) | 0.85 | 0.29 | 0.44 |
| Comorbid conditions | |||||||
| Diabetes mellitus without complications | 911 (40.3%) | 320 (44.3%) | 321 (43.9%) | 270 (33.3%) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.92 |
| Myocardial infarction | 81 (3.6%) | 16 (2.2%) | 20 (2.7%) | 45 (5.6%) | 0.0013 | 0.0087 | 0.64 |
| Chronic heart failure | 326 (14.4%) | 72 (10.0%) | 99 (13.5%) | 155 (19.1%) | <0.0001 | 0.0039 | 0.042 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 410 (18.1%) | 100 (13.9%) | 139 (19.0%) | 171 (21.1%) | 0.00026 | 0.34 | 0.0098 |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 19 (0.8%) | * | * | * | 0.85 | 0.46 | 0.81 |
| AIDS | 22 (1.0%) | * | * | * | 0.85 | 0.23 | 0.22 |
| Rheumatologic disease | 120 (5.3%) | 28 (3.9%) | 40 (5.5%) | 52 (6.4%) | 0.034 | 0.50 | 0.19 |
| Diabetes mellitus, chronic complications | 625 (27.6%) | 225 (31.2%) | 210 (28.7%) | 190 (23.5%) | 0.00087 | 0.022 | 0.34 |
| Metastatic cancer | 20 (0.9%) | * | * | * | 0.41 | 0.40 | 0.77 |
| Hemiplegia or paraplegia | 92 (4.1%) | 29 (4.0%) | 15 (2.1%) | 48 (5.9%) | 0.11 | 0.00021 | 0.04 |
| Liver disease, mild | 106 (4.7%) | 28 (3.9%) | 34 (4.7%) | 44 (5.4%) | 0.19 | 0.56 | 0.55 |
| Solid tumor without metastases | 181 (8.0%) | 41 (5.7%) | 61 (8.3%) | 79 (9.8%) | 0.0041 | 0.38 | 0.059 |
| Liver disease, moderate to severe | * | * | * | * | 0.70 | 0.93 | 0.99 |
| Dementia | 250 (11.0%) | 60 (8.3%) | 43 (5.9%) | 147 (18.1%) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.089 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 467 (20.6%) | 122 (16.9%) | 121 (16.6%) | 224 (27.7%) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.92 |
| Renal failure, moderate to severe | 359 (15.9%) | 100 (13.9%) | 93 (12.7%) | 166 (20.5%) | 0.00078 | <0.0001 | 0.58 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 289 (12.8%) | 73 (10.1%) | 83 (11.4%) | 133 (16.4%) | 0.00040 | 0.0053 | 0.50 |
| Charlson Score, median (IQR) | 2.0 (0.0–3.0) | 1.0 (0.0–3.0) | 1.0 (0.0–3.0) | 2.0 (0.0–4.0) | <0.0001 | 0.00014 | 0.29 |
| Drug therapy | |||||||
| Antihypertensives | |||||||
| β‐blockers | 911 (40.3%) | 243 (33.7%) | 265 (36.3%) | 403 (49.8%) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.33 |
| Non‐dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers | 99 (4.4%) | 19 (2.6%) | 23 (3.1%) | 57 (7.0%) | <0.0001 | 0.00089 | 0.67 |
| Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers | 813 (35.9%) | 215 (29.8%) | 253 (34.6%) | 345 (42.6%) | <0.0001 | 0.0016 | 0.056 |
| Thiazide or thiazide‐like diuretics | 709 (31.3%) | 236 (32.7%) | 300 (41.0%) | 173 (21.4%) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0012 |
| Loop diuretics | 328 (14.5%) | 73 (10.1%) | 84 (11.5%) | 171 (21.1%) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.45 |
| Centrally acting α agonists | 54 (2.4%) | * | * | * | 0.0062 | 0.49 | 0.056 |
| Potassium‐sparing diuretics | 56 (2.5%) | * | * | * | 0.064 | 0.00046 | 0.40 |
| Mineralocorticoid aldosterone antagonists | 85 (3.8%) | 15 (2.1%) | 28 (3.8%) | 42 (5.2%) | 0.0021 | 0.25 | 0.069 |
| Renin inhibitors | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |||
| α‐adrenergic blocking agents | 40 (1.8%) | * | * | * | 0.18 | 0.91 | 0.22 |
| Direct vasodilators | 99 (4.4%) | 27 (3.7%) | 27 (3.7%) | 45 (5.6%) | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.93 |
| Place in therapy | |||||||
| First‐line | 1964 (86.8%) | 722 (100.0%) | 731 (100.0%) | 511 (63.1%) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |
| Second‐line | 1135 (50.2%) | 290 (40.2%) | 308 (42.1%) | 537 (66.3%) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.48 |
| Number of antihypertensive classes | |||||||
| 1 | 822 (36.3%) | 206 (28.5%) | 148 (20.2%) | 468 (57.8%) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.00030 |
| 2 | 780 (34.5%) | 271 (37.5%) | 288 (39.4%) | 221 (27.3%) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.50 |
| 3+ | 661 (29.2%) | 245 (33.9%) | 295 (40.4%) | 121 (14.9%) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.013 |
| Number, median (IQR) | 2.0 (1.0–3.0) | 2.0 (1.0–3.0) | 2.0 (2.0–3.0) | 1.0 (1.0–2.0) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.00019 |
| Other drug therapies | |||||||
| Statins | 1210 (53.5%) | 418 (57.9%) | 401 (54.9%) | 391 (48.3%) | 0.00020 | 0.011 | 0.26 |
| Other lipid‐lowering agents | 113 (5.0%) | 37 (5.1%) | 42 (5.7%) | 34 (4.2%) | 0.46 | 0.20 | 0.68 |
| Oral anticoagulants | 201 (8.9%) | 48 (6.6%) | 58 (7.9%) | 95 (11.7%) | 0.00089 | 0.016 | 0.40 |
| Insulins | 215 (9.5%) | 77 (10.7%) | 70 (9.6%) | 68 (8.4%) | 0.15 | 0.47 | 0.55 |
| Oral antihyperglycemic agents | 581 (25.7%) | 234 (32.4%) | 217 (29.7%) | 130 (16.0%) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.29 |
| Follow‐up | |||||||
| Follow‐up days, median (IQR) | 30.0 (19.0–40.0) | 30.0 (19.0–40.0) | 31.0 (21.0–40.0) | 29.0 (19.0–38.0) | 0.35 | 0.011 | 0.13 |
| Test to hospitalization, median (IQR) | 4.0 (2.0–7.0) | 4.0 (2.0–6.0) | 4.0 (2.0–7.0) | 5.0 (3.0–7.0) | 0.40 | 0.51 | 0.83 |
| Total hospitalized | 287 (12.7%) | 77 (10.7%) | 93 (12.7%) | 117 (14.4%) | 0.032 | 0.36 | 0.25 |
The cohort includes individuals who had a positive test for SARS‐CoV‐2 in the outpatient setting. ACE indicates angiotensin‐converting enzyme; ARB indicates angiotensin receptor blocker; and IQR, interquartile range.
*
Cells with values <11 were suppressed in accordance with the Centers for Medicare and Medicare Services cell size suppression policy for values from 1 to 10.
†
Race is unknown in all commercially insured enrollees.