Table 4.

Hazard Ratio for Hospitalization Among Individuals Testing Positive for SARS‐CoV‐2 in the Outpatient Setting and for In‐Hospital Death and Survival to Discharge Among Individuals Hospitalized for COVID‐19 Between May and August, 2020

Comparison Group	Treatment	Control	Matched Treatment	Matched Control	Hazard Ratio (95% CI, P Value)	Equipoise Metric
Secondary outpatient cohort—outcome: hospitalization
Overall population
ACE inhibitor vs other	2152	1592	1144	1144	0.98 (0.76, 1.26); P=0.87	0.73
ARB vs other	1808	1592	995	995	0.77 (0.59, 1.02); P=0.067	0.69
ACE inhibitor vs ARB	2152	1808	1605	1605	1.26 (1.01, 1.57); P=0.040	0.97
Medicare Advantage enrollees
ACE vs other	1181	972	673	673	0.91 (0.70, 1.19); P=0.51	0.73
ARB vs other	1077	972	569	569	0.77 (0.57, 1.04); P=0.084	0.64
ACE vs ARB	1181	1077	905	905	1.22 (0.94, 1.57); P=0.13	0.96
Secondary inpatient cohort—outcome: in‐hospital death/alive discharge
Overall population
ACE inhibitor vs other	2660	3119	1819	1819	In‐hospital death: 1.06 (0.85, 1.33); P=0.59 Alive discharge: 1.03 (0.96, 1.11); P=0.41	0.59
ARB vs other	2323	3119	1518	1518	In‐hospital death: 1.04 (0.83, 1.31); P=0.72 Alive discharge: 0.97 (0.89, 1.06); P=0.52	0.44
ACE inhibitor vs ARB	2660	2323	1976	1976	In‐hospital death: 1.01 (0.83, 1.24); P=0.89 Alive discharge: 1.02 (0.95, 1.1); P=0.59	0.93
Medicare Advantage enrollees
ACE vs other	2352	2905	1659	1659	In‐hospital death: 1.02 (0.82, 1.26); P=0.89 Alive discharge: 1.00 (0.92, 1.09); P=0.95	0.59
ARB vs other	2028	2905	1357	1357	In‐hospital death: 1.03 (0.81, 1.31); P=0.78 Alive discharge: 1.03 (0.94, 1.13); P=0.53	0.44
ACE vs ARB	2352	2028	1721	1721	In‐hospital death: 0.93 (0.75, 1.15); P=0.51 Alive discharge: 1.01 (0.93, 1.09); P=0.82	0.93

Pairwise comparisons from propensity score–matched cohorts. ACE indicates angiotensin‐converting enzyme; and ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker.