Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of ASPREE Participants Included in the Dementia Incidence Analysis, by Sex and Tertiles of BPV (n=16 600)
| Characteristic | Men | Women | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1, n=2503 | T2, n=2401 | T3, n=2414 | T1, n=3117 | T2, n=3083 | T3, n=3082 | |
| SD of SBP, mean (SD) | 4.2 (1.6) | 9.0 (1.4) | 16.6 (4.4) | 4.4 (1.7) | 9.4 (1.4) | 17.4 (5.0) |
| Baseline SBP, mm Hg, mean (SD) | 137.9 (13.8) | 140.5 (14.8) | 145.0 (17.8) | 133.6 (14.5) | 136.4 (15.6) | 142.6 (18.7) |
| Baseline diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg, mean (SD) | 77.2 (8.9) | 77.9 (9.3) | 79.2 (10.3) | 75.3 (9.5) | 76.3 (9.8) | 78.2 (11.0) |
| Baseline antihypertensive medications, n (%) | 1116 (44.6) | 1090 (45.4) | 1360 (56.3) | 1509 (48.4) | 1665 (54.0) | 1887 (61.2) |
| Average SBP* over blood pressure variability period, mean (SD) | 137.7 (13.4) | 139.4 (13.1) | 141.9 (13.0) | 133.3 (14.0) | 135.6 (13.6) | 139.7 (13.5) |
| Ethno‐racial group, n (%) | ||||||
| Australian White | 2240 (89.5) | 2152 (89.6) | 2141 (88.7) | 2666 (85.5) | 2616 (84.9) | 2592 (84.1) |
| US White | 114 (4.6) | 101 (4.2) | 87 (3.6) | 204 (6.5) | 225 (7.3) | 208 (6.8) |
| Black | 69 (2.8) | 65 (2.7) | 71 (2.9) | 131 (4.2) | 143 (4.6) | 169 (5.5) |
| Hispanic/Latino | 52 (2.1) | 43 (1.8) | 61 (2.5) | 82 (2.6) | 67 (2.2) | 70 (2.3) |
| Other | 28 (1.1) | 40 (1.7) | 54 (2.2) | 34 (1.1) | 32 (1.0) | 43 (1.4) |
| Age, y, n (%) | ||||||
| 65–73 | 1366 (54.6) | 1263 (52.6) | 1175 (48.7) | 1701 (54.6) | 1540 (50.0) | 1392 (45.2) |
| ≥74 | 1137 (45.4) | 1138 (47.4) | 1239 (51.3) | 1416 (45.4) | 1543 (50.1) | 1690 (54.8) |
| Education y, n (%) | ||||||
| <12 | 1096 (43.8) | 1034 (43.1) | 1038 (43.0) | 1460 (46.8) | 1385 (44.9) | 1433 (46.5) |
| 12–15 | 657 (26.3) | 657 (27.4) | 671 (27.8) | 899 (28.8) | 967 (31.4) | 922 (29.9) |
| 16+ | 750 (30.0) | 710 (29.6) | 705 (29.2) | 758 (24.3) | 731 (23.7) | 727 (23.6) |
| Alcohol, n (%) | ||||||
| Current | 2096 (83.7) | 2044 (85.1) | 2013 (83.4) | 2264 (72.6) | 2229 (72.3) | 2226 (72.2) |
| Former | 173 (6.9) | 153 (6.4) | 167 (6.9) | 150 (4.8) | 122 (4.0) | 150 (4.9) |
| Never | 234 (9.4) | 204 (8.5) | 234 (9.7) | 703 (22.6) | 732 (23.7) | 706 (22.9) |
| Body mass index, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 27.9 (3.9) | 27.9 (3.9) | 28.1 (4.0) | 28.1 (5.0) | 28.1 (5.2) | 28.4 (5.3) |
| Living alone, n (%) | 482 (19.3) | 456 (19.0) | 519 (21.5) | 1246 (40.0) | 1275 (41.4) | 1323 (42.9) |
| Current or past smoker, n (%) | 1372 (54.8) | 1330 (55.4) | 1415 (58.6) | 1080 (34.7) | 1040 (33.7) | 1067 (34.6) |
| Smoking pack years, mean (SD) | 24.3 (27.7) | 24.5 (25.5) | 25.2 (25.4) | 17.7 (20.2) | 18.0 (18.9) | 18.8 (21.5) |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 265 (10.6) | 291 (12.1) | 331 (13.7) | 270 (8.7) | 246 (8.0) | 304 (9.9) |
| Depression, n (%) | 181 (7.2) | 176 (7.3) | 181 (7.5) | 358 (11.5) | 320 (10.4) | 348 (11.3) |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 1392 (55.6) | 1328 (55.3) | 1326 (54.9) | 2275 (73.0) | 2233 (72.4) | 2282 (74.0) |
| Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 507 (21.9) | 545 (24.4) | 643 (28.6) | 702 (24.1) | 704 (24.5) | 878 (30.6) |
| Statin medications, n (%) | 712 (28.5) | 663 (27.6) | 675 (28.0) | 1025 (32.9) | 1010 (32.8) | 1084 (35.2) |
| Aspirin treatment assignment, n (%) | 1249 (49.9) | 1186 (49.4) | 1189 (49.3) | 1572 (50.4) | 1516 (49.2) | 1523 (49.4) |
| Pulse pressure, mean (SD) | 60.7 (12.1) | 62.6 (12.4) | 65.9 (14.3) | 58.2 (12.9) | 60.1 (13.6) | 64.3 (15.2) |
| Heart rate, mean (SD) | 69.2 (10.4) | 69.0 (11.0) | 68.5 (11.1) | 72.6 (9.9) | 72.0 (10.2) | 71.2 (10.6) |
| SD of heart rate variability, mean (SD) | 5.4 (3.5) | 5.7 (3.9) | 6.2 (4.2) | 5.0 (3.4) | 5.3 (3.6) | 5.7 (3.8) |
| Cognitive performance | ||||||
| Modified Mini‐Mental State Examination, mean (SD) | 93.2 (4.5) | 92.8 (4.7) | 92.9 (4.6) | 94.3 (4.3) | 94.2 (4.2) | 94.2 (4.3) |
| Hopkins Verbal Learning Test‐Revised delayed recall, mean (SD) | 7.3 (2.8) | 7.3 (2.9) | 7.3 (2.8) | 8.3 (2.7) | 8.4 (2.7) | 8.3 (2.7) |
| Symbol Digit Modalities Test, mean (SD) | 36.4 (9.6) | 35.9 (9.9) | 35.1 (9.9) | 38.8 (9.8) | 38.7 (10.0) | 37.6 (10.1) |
| Controlled Oral Word Association Test, mean (SD) | 11.7 (4.5) | 11.5 (4.5) | 11.6 (4.5) | 12.6 (4.6) | 12.7 (4.5) | 12.7 (4.5) |
Age was categorized based on the median age of participants, which was 74 years. Ethno‐racial group was based on self‐report. Other ethno‐racial group was defined as any category with less than 200 participants overall, which included Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander, Native American, multiple races or ethnic groups, Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, and those who indicated that they were not Hispanic but did not state another race or ethnic group. Diabetes mellitus was defined as a participants' report of diabetes mellitus or a fasting glucose level of ≥126 mg per deciliter (≥7 mmol per liter) or receipt of treatment for diabetes mellitus. Depression was defined as a 10‐item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale score of ≥8. Dyslipidemia was defined as serum cholesterol level of ≥212 mg per deciliter (≥5.5 mmol per liter) in Australia and ≥240 mg per deciliter (≥6.2 mmol per liter) in the United States or as a low‐density lipoprotein level of >160 mg per deciliter (>4.1 mmol per liter); or taking cholesterol‐lowering medication. Chronic kidney disease was defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min per 1.73 m2 or albumin to creatinine ratio ≥3 mg/mmol. ASPREE indicates Aspirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly; BPV, blood pressure variability; SBP, systolic blood pressure; and T, tertile.
Over the period in which BPV was measured, thus baseline to the second annual visit.