Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics Stratified by Concordant and Discordant Group Assignment
| Characteristic | Favorable VE/VCO2 Slope | Unfavorable VE/VCO2 Slope | P Value* | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
High KCCQ‐CS, Concordant–Lower Severity, N=566, 27.4% |
Low KCCQ‐CS, Discordant: Symptom Magnifier, N=480, 23.3% |
High KCCQ‐CS, Discordant: Symptom Minimizer, N=465, 22.6% | Low KCCQ‐CS, Concordant–Higher Severity, N=551, 26.7% | ||
| Age, y | 57 (48–66) | 55 (46–62) † , ‡ | 64 (56–73)§ | 60 (53–70) | <0.001 |
| Men | 407 (71.9%) | 338 (70.4%) | 342 (73.5%) | 396 (71.9%) | 0.77 |
| Race | 0.065 | ||||
| Black | 184 (32.5%) | 167 (34.8%)‖ | 126 (27.1%) | 179 (32.5%) | |
| White | 345 (61.0%) | 275 (57.3%)‖ | 315 (67.7%) | 336 (61.0%) | |
| Other | 37 (6.5%) | 38 (7.9%)‖ | 24 (5.2%) | 36 (6.5%) | |
| NYHA class | <0.001 | ||||
| II | 474 (83.7%) | 265 (55.2%) ‡ , ¶ | 341 (73.3%)§ | 237 (43.0%) | |
| III | 92 (16.3%) | 215 (44.8%) ‡ , ¶ | 124 (26.7%)§ | 314 (57.0%) | |
| Ischemic cause of heart failure | 236 (41.7%) | 207 (43.1%)‡ | 302 (64.9%)# | 312 (56.6%) | <0.001 |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction, %, N=1911 | 27 (22–32) | 25 (20–30) † , ‖ | 24 (19–29) | 23 (20–29) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 145 (25.6%) | 172 (35.8%)† | 154 (33.1%) | 192 (34.8%) | 0.001 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, N=2043 | 44 (7.9%) | 58 (12.2%)† | 44 (9.6%)# | 77 (14.0%) | 0.006 |
| Obesity, N=2058 | 286 (50.6%) | 317 (66.2%) ‡ , ¶ | 151 (32.5%)§ | 256 (46.6%) | <0.001 |
| Depression | 100 (17.7%) | 146 (30.4%) ‡ , ¶ | 66 (14.2%)§ | 129 (23.4%) | <0.001 |
| KCCQ‐CS | 88 (81–94) | 58 (47–68) | 86 (80–94) | 58 (47–66) | N/A |
| EuroQoL Visual Analog Scale score, N=2012 | 76 (65–86) | 60 (45–70) ‡ , ¶ | 75 (60–80)§ | 60 (40–70) | <0.001 |
| Beck Depression Inventory II score, N=2055 | 6 (3–9) | 13 (8–20) ‡ , ¶ | 5 (3–8)§ | 12 (7–20) | <0.001 |
| Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, N=2056 | 6.2 (5.4–6.8) | 5.7 (4.8–6.5) ‡ , ¶ | 6.2 (5.6–6.8)§ | 5.8 (5.0–6.7) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index, N=2058 | 30 (27–36) | 33 (28–39) ‡ , ¶ | 28 (24–31)§ | 29 (25–34) | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg, N=2058 | 116 (105–130) | 112 (102–124)† | 110 (100–127) | 110 (100–121) | <0.001 |
| Blood urea nitrogen, mg/dL, N=1793 | 19 (14–24) | 18 (14–25)‡ | 22 (17–31) | 23 (17–32) | <0.001 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL, N=1850 | 1.1 (1.0–1.3) | 1.1 (1.0–1.4)‡ | 1.2 (1.0–1.6) | 1.3 (1.0–1.6) | <0.001 |
| B‐type natriuretic peptide, pg/mL, N=723 | 142 (69–323) | 148 (78–364)‡ | 396 (209–795) | 311 (161–661) | <0.001 |
| Medications | |||||
| ß‐blocker | 535 (94.5%) | 447 (93.1%) | 444 (95.5%) | 521 (94.6%) | 0.46 |
| ACE inhibitor or ARB | 534 (94.3%) | 453 (94.4%) | 443 (95.3%) | 513 (93.1%) | 0.52 |
| Aldosterone receptor antagonist | 223 (39.4%) | 231 (48.1%)† | 194 (41.7%)# | 268 (48.6%) | 0.003 |
Values are presented as median (interquartile range) for continuous variables and number (percent) for categorical variables. Because of missing data, N is listed for those variables where the cohort with available data was less than N=2062. Obesity was defined as body mass index ≥30 kg/m2. ACE indicates angiotensin converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; EuroQoL, European Quality of Life; KCCQ‐CS, Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire Clinical Summary score; NYHA, New York Heart Association; and VE/VCO2, minute ventilation/carbon dioxide production.
P for comparison among all 4 groups.
P<0.05 vs concordant–lower severity group.
P<0.001 vs symptom minimizer group.
P<0.001 vs concordant–higher severity group.
P<0.05 vs symptom minimizer group.
P<0.001 vs concordant–lower severity group.
P<0.05 vs concordant–higher severity group.