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. 2021 Aug 30;73(6):1520–1538. doi: 10.1007/s43440-021-00316-1

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — The distribution of the discussed COVID-19 therapeutics as per their main mechanism of action. Lopinavir/ritonavir, oseltamivir, remdesivir, and anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein monoclonal antibodies are anti-viral drugs with distinct SARS-CoV-2 inhibitory effects. Azithromycin, chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine, and ivermectin display both antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties. Dexamethasone and tocilizumab display no direct antiviral properties; however, they exert anti-inflammatory effects that contribute in attenuating excessive pro-inflammatory responses