Table 2.
Results of Cox regressions assessing the relationship between quintiles of calcium intake and incident mortality and cardiovascular events in 17,968 men and women of the EPIC-Norfolk study
| Outcome | Calcium intake < 770 mg/day | Calcium intake 771–926 mg/day | Calcium intake 27–1073 mg/day | Calcium intake 1074–1254 mg/day | Calcium intake ≥ 1255 mg/day | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | P value | HR (95% CI) | P value | HR (95% CI) | P value | HR (95% CI) | P value | HR (95% CI) | P value | |
| All-cause mortality | ||||||||||
| Unadjusted | 1.00 (ref) | 0.98 (0.90–1.07) | 0.609 | 1.06 (0.98–1.16) | 0.159 | 1.00 (0.91–1.09) | 0.942 | 0.99 (0.91–1.08) | 0.825 | |
| Fully adjusted | 1.00 (ref) | 0.91 (0.83–0.99) | 0.032 | 0.95 (0.87–1.04) | 0.291 | 0.85 (0.77–0.93) | 0.001 | 0.93 (0.83–1.04) | 0.207 | |
| Cardiovascular mortality | ||||||||||
| Unadjusted | 1.00 (ref) | 0.85 (0.73–1.00) | 0.056 | 1.03 (0.89–1.20) | 0.680 | 0.97 (0.83–1.14) | 0.741 | 0.94 (0.81–1.10) | 0.463 | |
| Fully adjusted | 1.00 (ref) | 0.79 (0.67–0.93) | 0.005 | 0.90 (0.76–1.06) | 0.203 | 0.80 (0.67–0.95) | 0.012 | 0.87 (0.71–1.07) | 0.187 | |
| Incident all cardiovascular disease | ||||||||||
| Unadjusted | 1.00 (ref) | 1.04 (0.98–1.11) | 0.221 | 1.07 (1.01–1.14) | 0.031 | 1.04 (0.98–1.11) | 0.203 | 1.03 (0.96–1.10) | 0.399 | |
| Fully adjusted | 1.00 (ref) | 0.99 (0.92–1.05) | 0.704 | 0.99 (0.93–1.06) | 0.817 | 0.94 (0.88–1.01) | 0.102 | 1.02 (0.94–1.11) | 0.601 | |
| Incident aortic stenosis | ||||||||||
| Unadjusted | 1.00 (ref) | 0.90 (0.66–1.24) | 0.520 | 1.12 (0.82–1.51) | 0.476 | 1.00 (0.73–1.36) | 0.978 | 1.02 (0.75–1.39) | 0.878 | |
| Fully adjusted | 1.00 (ref) | 0.86 (0.62–1.19) | 0.350 | 1.02 (0.74–1.41) | 0.907 | 0.87 (0.62–1.24) | 0.445 | 0.96 (0.64–1.43) | 0.832 | |
| Incident cardiac failure | ||||||||||
| Unadjusted | 1.00 (ref) | 1.06 (0.90–1.23) | 0.495 | 0.98 (0.84–1.15) | 0.813 | 1.11 (0.96–1.30) | 0.163 | 0.98 (0.84–1.15) | 0.805 | |
| Fully adjusted | 1.00 (ref) | 0.99 (0.85–1.16) | 0.906 | 0.90 (0.76–1.07) | 0.223 | 0.98 (0.83–1.17) | 0.854 | 1.00 (0.82–1.22) | 0.981 | |
| Incident myocardial infarction | ||||||||||
| Unadjusted | 1.00 (ref) | 1.10 (0.90–1.33) | 0.343 | 1.01 (0.83–1.23) | 0.936 | 1.19 (0.98–1.44) | 0.074 | 0.98 (0.81–1.20) | 0.872 | |
| Fully adjusted | 1.00 (ref) | 1.04 (0.86–1.27) | 0.668 | 0.93 (0.75–1.15) | 0.491 | 1.06 (0.85–1.31) | 0.610 | 0.92 (0.71–1.18) | 0.492 | |
| Incident peripheral arterial disease | ||||||||||
| Unadjusted | 1.00 (ref) | 0.96 (0.81–1.14) | 0.680 | 1.01 (0.85–1.19) | 0.931 | 0.95 (0.80–1.13) | 0.566 | 1.02 (0.86–1.20) | 0.841 | |
| Fully adjusted | 1.00 (ref) | 0.93 (0.79–1.11) | 0.449 | 0.98 (0.82–1.17) | 0.802 | 0.93 (0.77–1.12) | 0.441 | 1.08 (0.87–1.34) | 0.506 | |
| Incident stroke | ||||||||||
| Unadjusted | 1.00 (ref) | 0.90 (0.78–1.05) | 0.189 | 0.94 (0.81–1.09) | 0.405 | 0.93 (0.80–1.08) | 0.321 | 1.03 (0.89–1.19) | 0.721 | |
| Fully adjusted | 1.00 (ref) | 0.84 (0.72–0.97) | 0.022 | 0.83 (0.71–0.97) | 0.021 | 0.78 (0.66–0.92) | 0.003 | 0.95 (0.78–1.15) | 0.584 | |
Bold values indicate the statistically significant results (P < 0.05)
Adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein and total cholesterol levels, social class, education level, physical activity, alcohol intake, smoking status, pre-existing comorbidities (hypertension, stroke, myocardial infarction, diabetes), medication and supplement use (aspirin, statins, ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, angiotensin receptor blockers, vitamin supplement use), dietary intake (total energy intake, fruit and vegetable, vitamin D and calcium intake) and current/former usage of hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
HR - hazard ratio; 95% CI - 95% confidence interval