Table 3.

Results of Cox regression assessing the relationship between calcium incident use and incident mortality and cardiovascular events in 17,968 men and women of the EPIC-Norfolk study

Outcome	HR (95% CI)		P value
	No calcium supplement	Calcium supplement use
Cardiovascular mortality
Unadjusted	1.00 (ref)	1.03 (0.97–1.08)	0.380
Fully adjusted	1.00 (ref)	1.01 (0.93–1.10)	0.825
All-cause mortality
Unadjusted	1.00 (ref)	1.01 (0.92–1.12)	0.806
Fully adjusted	1.00 (ref)	0.88 (0.76–1.03)	0.103
Incident all cardiovascular disease
Unadjusted	1.00 (ref)	1.01 (0.97–1.06)	0.492
Fully adjusted	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (0.94–1.06)	0.919
Incident aortic stenosis
Unadjusted	1.00 (ref)	1.04 (0.86–1.27)	0.681
Fully adjusted	1.00 (ref)	1.01 (0.75–1.35)	0.969
Incident cardiac failure
Unadjusted	1.00 (ref)	0.97 (0.88–1.07)	0.563
Fully adjusted	1.00 (ref)	0.92 (0.80–1.06)	0.255
Incident myocardial infarction
Unadjusted	1.00 (ref)	0.87 (0.77–0.99)	0.034
Fully adjusted	1.00 (ref)	0.95 (0.79–1.15)	0.606
Incident peripheral arterial disease
Unadjusted	1.00 (ref)	0.90 (0.81–1.01)	0.065
Fully adjusted	1.00 (ref)	1.01 (0.86–1.19)	0.927
Incident stroke
Unadjusted	1.00 (ref)	0.98 (0.89–1.08)	0.702
Fully adjusted	1.00 (ref)	0.96 (0.83–1.10)	0.559

Adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein and total cholesterol levels, social class, education level, physical activity, alcohol intake, smoking status, pre-existing comorbidities (hypertension, stroke, myocardial infarction, diabetes), medication and supplement use (aspirin, statins, ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, angiotensin receptor blockers, vitamin supplement use), dietary intake (total energy intake, fruit and vegetable, vitamin D and calcium intake) and current/former usage of hormone replacement therapy (HRT)

HR - hazard ratio; 95% CI - 95% confidence interval