Table 1.
Summary statistics.
| All survey samples |
Areas divided by the COVID-19 reported cases (% per population) |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lower (n=291) |
Higher (n=267) |
T-test |
|||||||
| Variables | Definition | Percentage/Mean (1) | Standard Deviation | Mini-mum | Maxi-mum | Percentage/Mean | Percentage/Mean | Differences | |
| EPDS >=9 | 1: EPDS total score 9 or above 0: EPDS total score less than 9 | 28.67% | 0.45 | 0 | 1 | 28.20% | 29.20% | −0.01 | |
| FCV-19S Total score | FCV-19S total score (score range: 5–35) | 17.53 | 5.12 | 7 | 35 | 17.52 | 17.54 | −0.02 | |
| Trust | |||||||||
| Trust in neighbours | 1: Neighbours can be trusted (Yes/Somewhat yes) 0: Neighbours can be trusted (No/Somewhat no) |
67.56% | 0.47 | 0 | 1 | 66.30% | 68.90% | −0.03 | |
| Trust in the government | 1: Do you trust the government ?(Yes/Somewhat yes) 0: Do you trust the government ? (No/Somewhat no) |
43.55% | 0.50 | 0 | 1 | 42.95% | 44.20% | −0.01 | |
| Support/Family function | |||||||||
| Neighbours helpful | 1: Neighbours try to help the others in many cases (Yes/Somewhat yes) 0: Neighbours try to help the others in many cases (No/Somewhat no) |
56.99% | 0.50 | 0 | 1 | 55.35% | 58.80% | −0.04 | |
| Family Support score | The Family APGAR score (score range: 0–10) (2) | 7.69 | 2.80 | 0 | 10 | 7.59 | 7.79 | −0.19 | |
| Partners' support score | The Partners' support score (score range: 0–6) (3) | 4.37 | 1.92 | 0 | 6 | 4.30 | 4.45 | −0.15 | |
| Illness | |||||||||
| Had or currently having mental illness (including depression) | 1: Had or currently having mental illness 0: Not had or having mental illness | 13.80% | 0.35 | 0 | 1 | 14.10% | 13.50% | 0.01 | |
| Number of illness (physical) | Number of illness (physical) | 0.28 | 0.71 | 0 | 7 | 0.29 | 0.28 | 0.01 | |
| Birth related matters | |||||||||
| Planned/Wanted pregnancy | 1: Planned/Wanted pregnancy 0: otherwise | 85.30% | 0.35 | 0 | 1 | 83.50% | 87.25% | −0.04 | |
| Number of birth complication (s) | Number of complications the respondents had | 0.66 | 1.17 | 0 | 14 | 0.71 | 0.61 | 0.10 | |
| Age | |||||||||
| Age (Under 29) | 1: Age under 29 0: Age 30 or above | 25.09% | 0.43 | 0 | 1 | 27.85% | 22.10% | 0.06 | |
| Age (30–39) | 1: Age 30–39 0: otherwise | 70.25% | 0.46 | 0 | 1 | 66.00% | 74.90% | −0.09 | * |
| Age (40–49) | 1: Age 40-49-39 0: otherwise | 4.66% | 0.21 | 0 | 1 | 6.20% | 3.00% | 0.03 | |
| Parity | |||||||||
| Multipara | 1: Multipara 0: Primipara | 4.12% | 0.20 | 0 | 1 | 5.15% | 3.00% | 0.02 | |
| Income | |||||||||
| Income (the lowest quantile) | 1: Income, the lowest quantile 0: otherwise | 30.65% | 0.46 | 0 | 1 | 35.40% | 25.45% | 0.10 | * |
| Income (the 2nd lowest quantile) | 1: Income, the 2nd lowest quantile 0: otherwise | 22.04% | 0.41 | 0 | 1 | 21.65% | 22.45% | −0.01 | |
| Income (the 2nd highest quantile) | 1: Income, the 2nd highest quantile 0: otherwise | 25.81% | 0.44 | 0 | 1 | 21.30% | 30.70% | −0.09 | * |
| Income (the highest quantile) | 1: Income (the highest quantile) 0:otherwise | 10.04% | 0.30 | 0 | 1 | 6.85% | 13.50% | −0.07 | * |
| Income (Do not know/Do not want to answer) | 1: Income, Do not know/Do not want to answer 0: otherwise | 11.47% | 0.32 | 0 | 1 | 14.80% | 7.85% | 0.07 | * |
| Own a house | 1: Own a house 0: otherwise | 47.13% | 0.50 | 0 | 1 | 49.15% | 44.95% | 0.04 | |
| Marital status | |||||||||
| Married (including having a partner) | 1: Married, including having a partner 0: otherwise | 99.28% | 0.08 | 0 | 1 | 98.95% | 99.65% | −0.01 | |
| Education | |||||||||
| Education (University or above) | 1: Education (University or above) 0:otherwise | 51.08% | 0.50 | 0 | 1 | 44.65% | 58.05% | −0.13 | * |
| Working status | |||||||||
| Full-time worker | 1: Full time worker 0: otherwise | 40.86% | 0.49 | 0 | 1 | 42.25% | 39.35% | 0.03 | |
| Contract worker | 1: Contract worker 0: otherwise | 7.89% | 0.27 | 0 | 1 | 6.20% | 9.75% | −0.04 | |
| Part-time worker | 1: Part time worker 0: otherwise | 23.12% | 0.42 | 0 | 1 | 24.05% | 22.10% | 0.02 | |
| Household wife and others | 1: Household wife and others 0:otherwise | 28.14% | 0.45 | 0 | 1 | 27.50% | 28.85% | −0.01 | |
| Number of household members | Number of household members | 2.71 | 0.91 | 1 | 7 | 2.81 | 2.60 | 0.20 | * |
| Rate of COVID-19 reported case (prefectural level) | Rate of COVID-19 reported case per population | 53.66 | 40.15 | 1.133 | 137.28 | 24.52 | 85.43 | −60.91 | *** |
*** Significant at 0.1% level, ** 1% level, * 5%level.
(1)Percentage of the respondents who chose ‘1′ in the definition is reported when the variable is binary. Mean is shown when the variable is non-binary including scores, numbers and percentage.
(2)We used the Family APGAR score to measure family's support. The Family APGAR score is developed by Smilkstein (1978) as a brief screening questionnaire designed to elicit five areas of family function. The acronym APGAR stands for these five areas: Adaptability, Partnership, Growth, Affection, and Resolve. It is a five-item questionnaire. These items were: ‘I am satisfied with the help that I receive from my family when something is troubling me.’, ‘I am satisfied with the way my family discusses items of common interest and shares problem solving with me.’, ‘I find that my family accepts my wishes to take on new activities or make changes in my life-style.’, ‘I am satisfied with the way my family expresses affection and responds to my feelings such as anger, sorrow, and love.’, and ‘I am satisfied with the amount of time my family and I spend together’. Originally, choices of answers and their scores are: ‘Almost always’(2 points), ‘Some of the time’(1 point), or ‘Hardly ever’ (0 points). In our survey, choices of answers were set as ‘Almost always’, ‘Some of the time’, ‘Hardly ever’ and ‘Never’. Therefore, we aggregated the latter two answer choices and set the score as ‘1’ to follow the 3 points scale.
(3)The partners support was captured by three item questionnaires: ‘My partner helps me when something is troubling me’, ‘My partner responds to my emotional needs’, and ‘My partner plays sufficient part in child care and household chore’. The choices of responses were same as The Family APGAR, and we also set the score ranging from 0 to 2 for the partner support score.